Shelter preference in the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish)

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (15) ◽  
pp. 1913-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Takahashi ◽  
Toshiki Nagayama
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Marbled Crayfish ◽  
Measured Preference

For many animals, shelters are valuable source to hide from predators. To know acquisition of adequate shelter is important to understand social interactions of animals. Preferences for types of shelter used by the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) were analysed behaviourally. Individual crayfish were presented with a choice between two PVC pipes with four different internal diameters (XL, L, M and S). The time spent in each shelter and the number of times crayfish entered each shelter were measured. Preference ranks of crayfish were XL = L = or > M > S. Our experiments strongly suggested that crayfish chose shelters based first on the diameter of the entrance, and then based on the length of the shelter. Crayfish recognised adequate shelters by visual cues under light conditions and utilised tactile cues from their antennae under dark conditions.

The Control of Eyestalk Movements in the Mysid Shrimp Praunus Flexuosus

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-504
Author(s):  
D. M. NEIL
Keyword(s):  
Light Beam ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Light Reaction ◽  
Gravity Receptors ◽  
Light Stimuli ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Tracking Response ◽  
Mysid Shrimp

The compensatory eyestalk movements of intact and statocystless mysid shrimps Praunus flexuosus have been measured under a variety of light conditions. The results indicate that the statocyst organs in the urppods are the major gravity receptors, and that they are both necessary and sufficient to produce sinusoidal compensatory eyestalk movements. The addition of visual cues (vertical light beam, optokinetic stimuli) modifies the eyestalk response to some extent, but does not alter its general form. When the statocysts are removed, however, light stimuli become important orientational cues, and the eyestalks perform a tracking response which is considered to be the experimental counterpart of the dorsal light reaction of the free-swimming animal.

scholarly journals Roles of Some Plant Growth Regulators on Natural and Dark-Induced Senescence in Wheat Leaf Segments

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1230-1237
Author(s):  
Nihal GÖREN-SAĞLAM ◽  
Fazilet Özlem ÇEKIÇ
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Gaba Content ◽  
Leaf Segments ◽  
Dark Conditions

Senescence is an important developmental process in the life span of a plant. It is affected by several endogenous and exogenous factors such as hormones, darkness, and drought. Hormones are major endogenous factors that affect senescence intensively. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effects of different plant growth regulators; benzyl adenin (BA), spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) on both natural and dark-induced senescence and on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in wheat leaf segments. Following the incubation, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents; peroxidase activity, soluble protein, GABA and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and cell death amount were determined. Our results demonstrate that Spm and Spd accelerated senescence under light and delayed it under dark conditions. BA has delayed leaf senescence under both conditions. Cell death and MDA content showed a correlation with the senescence process. GABA content was enhanced considerably by BA, Spm and Spd applications under light conditions. According to our results we can conclude that Spm and Spd could promote senescence on wheat segments under light conditions, whereas inhibit senescence under dark conditions. In addition, BA could retard the deleterious effects on senescence under both light and dark conditions.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

Perceptual and cognitive determinants of tactile disgust

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2705-2716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supreet Saluja ◽  
Richard J Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Cognitive Determinants

Tactile cues are said to be potent elicitors of disgust and reliable markers of disease. Despite this, no previous study had explored what the full range of tactile properties are that cue disgust, nor how interpretation of these sensations influences disgust. To answer these questions, participants were asked to touch nine objects, selected to cover the range of tactile properties, and evaluate their sensory, affective, and risk-based characteristics (primarily how sick they thought the object would make them). Object contact was manipulated in four ways, with participants randomly allocated to corresponding groups—one that could see the objects (i.e., the control) and three that could not (i.e., the blind groups). To manipulate disease risk interpretation of the objects, labelling was used on the blind groups, with one receiving Disgust-Labels, one True-Labels and one no labels. Disgust was strongly associated with sticky and wet textures, and moderately with viscous, cold, and lumpy textures, suggesting adherence-to-skin may predict disgust. The participants in the disgust-labelled condition had the highest disgust ratings, and this was mediated by their increased sickness belief and fear of the objects. Object identification was poor when labels or visual cues were absent. Our findings suggest that tactile disgust may reflect a bottom-up sensory component—skin adhesion—moderated by judgements of disease-related threat.

scholarly journals Isotonic Beverage Pigmented with Water-Dispersible Emulsion from Astaxanthin Oleoresin

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Pedro Cerezal Mezquita ◽  
Carolina Espinosa Álvarez ◽  
Jenifer Palma Ramírez ◽  
Waldo Bugueño Muñoz ◽  
Francisca Salinas Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Stress ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Oxygen Radical ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Rapid Degradation ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Dark Conditions

Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant, because it neutralizes free radicals and plays a vital role in the prevention of human diseases. The objective of this work was to develop an isotonic beverage (IB) of orange-red color, using an astaxanthin oleoresin emulsion (AOE) that is dispersible in water. This was carried out in order to simulate the color of commercial isotonic beverages (CIB) prepared from artificial pigments. The size of the AOE micelles ranged from 0.15 to 7.60 µm2. The color difference (ΔE) was similar for the samples exposed to dark as well as light conditions. The samples subjected to light stress showed pigment degradation after seven days, followed by a decrease in the concentration of astaxanthin; whereas, the samples exposed to dark conditions remained stable for seven days and then showed a decrease in the concentration of astaxanthin (this decrease ranged from 65% to 76% when compared to the initial content) after a period of 91 days. For the astaxanthin oleoresin (AO) and AOE, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values reached 5224 and 1968 µmol of trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g, respectively. When exposed to light conditions, the addition of AOE in the IB led to its rapid degradation, while it remained stable in the samples exposed to the dark conditions.

scholarly journals Involvement of BGLU30 in Glucosinolate Catabolism in the Arabidopsis Leaf under Dark Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomomi Morikawa-Ichinose ◽  
Daisuke Miura ◽  
Liu Zhang ◽  
Sun-Ju Kim ◽  
Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Unique Distribution ◽  
Dark Conditions

Abstract Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites that play important roles in plant defense and are suggested to act as storage compounds. Despite their important roles, metabolic dynamics of GSLs under various growth conditions remain poorly understood. To determine how light conditions influence the levels of different GSLs and their distribution in Arabidopsis leaves, we visualized the GSLs under different light conditions using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. We observed the unique distribution patterns of each GSL in the inner regions of leaves and marked decreases under darkness, indicating light conditions influenced GSL metabolism. GSLs are hydrolyzed by a group of ß-glucosidase (BGLU) called myrosinase. Previous transcriptome data for GSL metabolism under light and dark conditions have revealed the highly induced expression of BGLU30, one of the putative myrosinases, which is also annotated as Dark INducible2, under darkness. Impairment of the darkness-induced GSL decrease in the disruption mutants of BGLU30, bglu30, indicated that BGLU30 mediated GSL hydrolysis under darkness. Based on the GSL profiles in the wild-type and bglu30 leaves under both conditions, short-chain GSLs were potentially preferable substrates for BGLU30. Our findings provide an effective way of visualizing GSL distribution in plants and highlighted the carbon storage GSL function.

scholarly journals Variation of Glucosinolate Accumulation and Gene Expression of Transcription Factors at Different Stages of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings under Light and Dark Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Bok Kim ◽  
Jin-Hyuk Chun ◽  
Hye Ran Kim ◽  
Sun-Ju Kim ◽  
Yong Pyo Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Almost All

Chinese cabbage is one of the most important leafy vegetables widely used in East Asian cuisines. The glucosinolate (GSL) accumulation and transcript levels of 7 transcription factors (Dofl.l, IQD1-1, MYB28, MYB29, MYB34, MYB51, and MYB122, and their isoforms) involved in the biosynthesis of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates (GSLs) were analyzed at different stages of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) seedlings under light and dark conditions using high performance liquid chromatography and quantitative real time PCR. During seedling development, transcription of almost all transcription factors under light conditions was higher expressed than under dark conditions. Five aliphatic GSLs (progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, and glucobrassicanapin) and four indolic GSLs (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrasscin) were detected. Total GSL contents under light conditions 6, 8, and 10 days after sowing (DAS) were 3.2-, 3.9-, and 6.9-fold higher, respectively than those of dark conditions. Interestingly, total GSL contents 2 {85.4 μmol/g dry weight (DW)} to 10 (7.74 μmol/g DW) DAS under dark conditions were gradually decreased. In this study, our results suggest that light affects the levels of GSL in Chinese cabbage seedlings. These results could be useful for obtaining cabbage varieties rich in GSLs.

Effects of turbidity on the reactive distance, search time, and foraging success of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1978-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin J Meager ◽  
Turid Solbakken ◽  
Anne C Utne-Palm ◽  
Tina Oen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Reactive Distance ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Predation Rates

We investigated the effects of turbidity on the foraging behaviour of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on mysid prey (Praunus neglectus) in the laboratory. The influence of turbidity on vision and chemoreception was examined by measuring reactive distances and search times to visual, chemical, and visual–chemical prey cues over turbidity levels ranging from 0.4 to 17·m–1 (beam attenuation·m–1). We also compared foraging rates of juvenile cod on mysids in highly turbid water and clear water under well lit and totally dark conditions. Juvenile cod using chemical cues were able to locate mysids from significantly longer distances than when only visual cues were available. Turbidity did not affect reactive distance to chemical cues, and had only a weak negative effect on reactive distance to visual and visual–chemical cues. Search time was variable, but tended to increase with turbidity. Turbidity did not affect predation rates on free-ranging mysids, but predation rates were significantly lower in dark conditions than in well lit conditions. We suggest that juvenile cod use chemoreception in conjunction with vision (at close ranges) to locate prey in highly turbid water.

scholarly journals Morpho-histological development of the somatic embryos of Typha domingensis

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Hernández-Piedra ◽  
Violeta Ruiz-Carrera ◽  
Alberto J. Sánchez ◽  
Arlette Hernández-Franyutti ◽  
Alfonso Azpeitia-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Typha Domingensis ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Maturation Phase ◽  
Auxin Concentration ◽  
Embryogenic Line ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Embryogenic Lines

Background Sustainable methods of propagation of Typha domingensis through somatic embryogenesis can help mitigate its current condition of ecological marginalization and overexploitation. This study examined whether differentiation up to coleoptilar embryos could be obtained in an embryogenic line proliferated with light and high auxin concentration. Methods Murashige and Skoog medium at half ionic strength and containing 3% sucrose and 0.1% ascorbic acid was used for the three embryogenic phases. Induction started with aseptic 9-day-old germinated seeds cultured in 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D). Proliferation of the embryogenic callus was evaluated at 2,4-D concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 mg L−1 in cultures maintained in the dark. The dominant embryogenic products obtained in each treatment were used as embryogenic lines in the third phase. Thus, maturation of the somatic embryos (SEs) was analyzed using four embryogenic lines and under light vs. dark conditions. Embryogenic differentiation was also monitored histologically. Results Proliferation of the nine morphogenetic products was greater in the presence of 2,4-D, regardless of the concentration, than in the absence of auxin. Among the products, a yellow callus was invariably associated with the presence of an oblong SE and suspended cells in the 2,4-D treatments, and a brown callus with scutellar somatic embryos (scSEs) in the treatment without 2,4-D. During the maturation phase, especially the embryogenic line but also the light condition resulted in significant differences, with the highest averages of the nine morphogenetic products obtained under light conditions and the maximum concentration of auxin (YC3 embryogenic line). Only this line achieved scSE growth, under both light and dark conditions. Structurally complete coleoptilar somatic embryos (colSEs) could be anatomically confirmed only during the maturation phase. Discussion In the embryogenic line cultured with the highest auxin concentration, light exposure favored the transdifferentiation from embryogenic callus to scSE or colSE, although growth was asynchronous with respect to the three embryogenic phases. The differentiation and cellular organization of the embryos were compatible with all stages of embryogenic development in other monocotyledons. The growth of colSEs under light conditions in the YC3 embryogenic line and the structurally complete anatomic description of colSEs demonstrated that differentiation up to coleoptilar embryos could be obtained. The diversity of embryogenic products obtained in the YC3 embryogenic line opens up the opportunity to synchronize histological descriptions with the molecules associated with the somatic embryogenesis of Typha spp.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds and Glucosinolates in Sprouts of Pale Green and Purple Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) under Light and Dark Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Ramaraj Sathasivam ◽  
Min Cheol Kim ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Soo In Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Pale Green

Kohlrabi is considered an important dietary vegetable worldwide. In this study, we investigated the growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds (PCs) and glucosinolates in sprouts of pale green and purple kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) in response to light and dark conditions. Pale green kohlrabi presented high fresh weight and root length irrespective of light treatment, whereas under dark conditions, it presented higher fresh weight and shoot length than purple kohlrabi. In contrast, the root length of both kohlrabies increased markedly under light conditions compared to that under dark conditions. Thirteen PCs and eight glucosinolates were detected and quantified in 10-day-old pale green and purple kohlrabies. In both kohlrabies, the individual and total phenolic levels were much higher under the light treatment than under the dark treatment. Under light and dark conditions, the total phenolic content was 6362.13 and 5475.04 µg/g dry weight in the pale green kohlrabi, respectively, whereas in the purple kohlrabi, it was 10,115.76 and 9361.74 µg/g dry weight, respectively. Dark conditions favored higher accumulation of glucosinolates than light conditions. Progoitrin, neoglucobrassicin, glucoerucin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin were the predominant glucosinolates in both kohlrabies and were present in much higher amounts in the pale green kohlrabi. In pale green kohlrabi under dark conditions, the total glucosinolates content was 4.75 and 2.62 times higher than that of the purple kohlrabi under light and dark conditions, respectively. Among individual glucosinolates, in the pale green kohlrabi under the dark condition, progoitrin was found to have the highest content, which was 90.28 and 54.51 times higher than that in the purple kohlrabi under light and dark conditions, respectively. These results show that the phenolic and glucosinolates levels varied widely, and these variations between the two types of kohlrabi under both light and dark conditions were significant. Our findings suggest that light and dark conditions enhance the accumulation of PCs and glucosinolates, respectively, during the development of kohlrabi seedlings.

scholarly journals Methyl Jasmonate- and Light-Induced Glucosinolate and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Radish Seedlings

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi ◽  
Mariadhas Valan Arasu ◽  
Sun Ju Kim ◽  
Md. RomijUddin ◽  
Woo Tae Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Radish Sprouts ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Radish Seedlings

Radish sprouts and young seedlings are considered important dietary vegetables in Asian countries. In this study, we investigated the levels of glucosinolate and anthocyanin accumulation in radish seedlings in response to light and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. MeJA facilitated the accumulation of glucosinolate and anthocyanins under light conditions. The glucosinolate and anthocyanin contents in the radish seedlings that were exposed to light after MeJA treatment were higher than those of the seedlings that were grown in the dark without MeJA. At a concentration of 100 μM, MeJA led to the greatest accumulation of the most glucosinolates under both light and dark conditions. Under light conditions, the levels of glucoraphenin, glucoerucin, and glucotropaeolin accumulation were 1.53-, 1.60-, and 1.30-fold higher, respectively, than those of the control. Remarkable accumulations of glucobrassicin were observed under light conditions (4.4-, 6.7-, and 7.8-fold higher than that of the control following the application of 100, 300, and 500 μM MeJA, respectively). The level of cyanidin in the 300μM MeJA-treated seedlings was double of that in the control without MeJA treatment. The highest level of pelargonidin was observed after treatment with 500 μMMeJA under light conditions; this level was 1.73times higher than that in the control. A similar trend of anthocyaninaccumulation was observed in the radish seedlings following MeJA treatment under dark conditions, but the levels of anthocyanins were considerably lower in the seedlings that were grown in the dark. Our findings suggest that light and low concentrations of MeJA enhance the accumulations of glucosinolates and anthocyanins during the development of radish seedlings.

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