scholarly journals Spontaneous attribution of false beliefs in adults examined using a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-567
Author(s):  
Tian Ye ◽  
Stephen M Fleming ◽  
Antonia FDC Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Bayesian Analysis ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Classical Statistics

Understanding other people have beliefs different from ours or different from reality is critical to social interaction. Previous studies suggest that healthy adults possess an implicit mentalising system, but alternative explanations for data from reaction time false belief tasks have also been given. In this study, we combined signal detection theory (SDT) with a false belief task. As application of SDT allows us to separate perceptual sensitivity from criteria, we are able to investigate how another person’s beliefs change the participant’s perception of near-threshold stimuli. Participants ( n = 55) watched four different videos in which an actor saw (or did not see) a Gabor cube hidden (or not hidden) behind an occluder. At the end of each video, the occluder vanished revealing a cube either with or without Gabor pattern, and participants needed to report whether they saw the Gabor pattern or not. A pre-registered analysis with classical statistics weakly suggests an effect of the actor’s belief on participant’s perceptions. An exploratory Bayesian analysis supports the idea that when the actor believed the cube was present, participants made slower and more liberal judgements. Although these data are not definitive, these current results indicate the value of new measures for understanding implicit false belief processing.

Associations between collectivism and perception of social threat: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Individual

Collectivistic orientation, which entails interdependent self-construal and concern for interpersonal harmony and social adjustment, has been suggested to be associated with detecting emotional expressions that signal social threat than individualistic orientation, which entails independent self-construal. The present research tested if this detection is a result of enhanced perceptual sensitivity or of response bias. We used country as proxy of individualism and collectivism (Country IC), measured IC of individuals with a questionnaire (Individual IC) and manipulated IC with culture priming (Situational IC). Dutch participants in the Netherlands (n = 143) and Chinese participants in China (n = 151) performed a social threat detection task where they had to categorize ambiguous facial expressions as “angry” or “not angry”. As the stimuli varied in degrees of scowling and frequency of presentation, we were able to measure the participants' perceptual sensitivity and response bias following the principles of the Signal Detection Theory. On the Country IC level, the results indicated that individualism-representative Dutch participants had higher perceptual sensitivity than collectivism-representative Chinese participants; whereas, Chinese participants were more biased towards categorizing a scowling face as “angry” than the Dutch (i.e. stronger liberal bias). In both groups, collectivism on the Individual IC was associated with a bias towards recognizing a scowling face as “not angry” (i.e. stronger conservative bias). Culture priming (Situational IC) affected neither perceptual sensitivity nor response bias. Our data suggested that cultural differences were in the form of behavioral tendency and IC entails multiple constructs linked to different outcomes in social threat detection.

Deterioration of the Useful Visual Field with Age and Sleep Deprivation: Insight from Signal Detection Theory

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joceline Rogé ◽  
Catherine Gabaude
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Two Indices

The goal of this study was to establish whether the deterioration of the useful visual field due to sleep deprivation and age in a screen monitoring activity could be explained by a decrease in perceptual sensitivity and/or a modification of the participant's decision criterion (two indices derived from signal detection theory). In the first experiment, a comparison of three age groups (young, middle-aged, elderly) showed that perceptual sensitivity decreased with age and that the decision criterion became more conservative. In the second experiment, measurement of the useful visual field was carried out on participants who had been deprived of sleep the previous night or had a complete night of sleep. Perceptual sensitivity significantly decreased with sleep debt, and sleep deprivation provoked an increase in the participants' decision criterion. Moreover, the comparison of two age groups (young, middle-aged) indicated that sensitivity decreased with age. The value of using these two indices to explain the deterioration of useful visual field is discussed.

Effects of Decision Variables on Stimulus Dominance in Dichotic Listening

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Niccum ◽  
Charles Speaks ◽  
Jun Katsuki-Nakamura ◽  
Ruth Leathers
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Target Monitoring

Stimulus dominance occurs when one member of a dichotic pair is identified more accurately than the other member. The contribution that attentional factors, listener biases, and other nonsensory variables make to stimulus dominance was assessed by comparison of scores obtained in a conventional two-ear monitoring task with scores obtained in a yes/no target-monitoring task. The target-monitoring paradigm is an application of signal detection theory to dichotic listening that allows calculation of d', a measure of perceptual sensitivity. Patterns of dominance for the two paradigms were very similar, which indicates that nonsensory factors had little influence in determining those patterns.

Monotonous Social Environments and the Identification of Crime Suspects: A Comparison of Police Cadets and Civilian College Students

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-654
Author(s):  
Kwang B. Park ◽  
Hosuk Lee ◽  
Seungbok Lee
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Positive Correlation

This study compares the accuracy of eyewitness accounts provided by police cadets and civilians in Korea. Participants were 50 male cadets from a police college, and 100 male and 104 female civilian college students who watched a videotaped enactment of a robbery. The next day, they were asked to identify the perpetrator who was photographed in different angles and outfits together with 40 photographs of other individuals. Analyses within the framework of signal detection theory suggest that the major difference between the police and the civilian groups was in their perceptual sensitivity rather than in their judgmental criteria, with the police cadets being inferior to the civilians in perceptual sensitivity. However, a strong positive correlation was found between the observed sensitivity index and the observed criterion index. Results suggested that (1) visually monotonous social environments may decrease perceptual sensitivity in the identification of people, (2) police cadets are no better at avoiding false negative errors, i.e., mistakenly identifying the true suspect as an innocent, than civilian college students, and (3) perceptual sensitivity in the identification of people is strongly related to judgmental criteria, presumably because personal emphasis is on individuality.

A Signal Detection Approach to the Study of Set in Tachistoscopic Recognition

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Thierman
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Visual Noise ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
D Values ◽  
Tachistoscopic Recognition ◽  
And Control

TSD techniques were used to evaluate the effect of the “set” variable on tachistoscopic recognition. Ss made judgments about the presence or absence of “set” words and control words in a background of visual noise. The resultant ROC curves showed an influence of perceptual sensitivity but no effect of response bias. The d' values for the set words were found to be significantly larger than those for the control words.

A Signal Detection Approach to Understanding the Identification of Fake News

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162098613
Author(s):  
Cédric Batailler ◽  
Skylar M. Brannon ◽  
Paul E. Teas ◽  
Bertram Gawronski
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Partisan Bias ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Response Biases

Researchers across many disciplines seek to understand how misinformation spreads with a view toward limiting its impact. One important question in this research is how people determine whether a given piece of news is real or fake. In the current article, we discuss the value of signal detection theory (SDT) in disentangling two distinct aspects in the identification of fake news: (a) ability to accurately distinguish between real news and fake news and (b) response biases to judge news as real or fake regardless of news veracity. The value of SDT for understanding the determinants of fake-news beliefs is illustrated with reanalyses of existing data sets, providing more nuanced insights into how partisan bias, cognitive reflection, and prior exposure influence the identification of fake news. Implications of SDT for the use of source-related information in the identification of fake news, interventions to improve people’s skills in detecting fake news, and the debunking of misinformation are discussed.

So, Whatever Happened to Signal Detection Theory?

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 972-972
Author(s):  
Jerome R. Busemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Detection Theory
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document