Stability and Change: The Dark Factor of Personality Shapes Dark Traits

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062095328
Author(s):  
Ingo Zettler ◽  
Morten Moshagen ◽  
Benjamin E. Hilbig
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Full Information Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Level Change ◽  
Measurement Occasion ◽  
Personality Changes

The Dark Factor of Personality (D) is conceptualized as the basic disposition out of which “dark” traits arise as specific manifestations. We herein critically test this conceptualization across nine dark traits in a 4-year longitudinal study with N = 1,261 ( n = 470 at the second measurement occasion, employing full information maximum likelihood estimation) adults from the general population. Results strongly support the conceptualization of D. Specifically, D (1) showed high rank-order stability (higher than any of the dark traits), substantiating that it represents a basic disposition; (2) longitudinally predicted individual differences in all dark traits; and (3) accounted for personality changes in dark traits. Additionally, we investigated the pattern of mean-level change of D and the dark traits. In line with the maturity principle of personality development, D (and most dark traits) decreased with age.

scholarly journals Stability and Change in Autobiographical Reasoning: A Four-Year Longitudinal Study of Narrative Identity Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate C. McLean ◽  
David Dunlap ◽  
Sarah Jennings ◽  
Nicole Litvitskiy ◽  
Jennifer Lilgendahl
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Narrative Identity ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Level Change ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Autobiographical Reasoning

Objective. Research on personality development has traditionally focused on rank-order stability and mean-level change in the context of personality traits. The present study expands this approach to the examination of change and stability at another level of personality – narrative identity – by focusing on autobiographical reasoning. Drawing from theory in personality and developmental science, we examine stability and change in exploratory processing and positive and negative self-event connections. Method. We take advantage of a longitudinal study of emerging adult personality and identity development, which includes four waves of data across four years, examining reasoning in two domains of identity, academics and romance (n = 1520 narratives; n = 176 – 638 participants, depending on the analysis). Results. We found moderate rank-order stability in autobiographical reasoning, but more so for exploratory processing than self-event connections. We found mean-level increases for exploratory processing in the context of romance, and stability in the context of academics. For self-event connections, we saw a decrease for positive connections, and for negative connections about romance, with stability for negative connections about academics. Conclusions. Implications include developmental differences in types of reasoning, as well as the sensitivity of narrative identity to revealing the contextual nature of personality development.

scholarly journals The Development of Achievement Goals throughout College: Modeling Stability and Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine S. Corker ◽  
Brent Donnellan ◽  
Ryan Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mastery Goals ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Level Change ◽  
Approach Goals ◽  
Goal Change ◽  
Latent Difference Score

Emerging adulthood, defined for many by the college years, is an active period of personality development; less is known about goal change during these years. We investigated stability and change in the 2 × 2 model of achievement goals over 4 years (N = 527). We evaluated rank-order stability and mean-level change, and tested goal coupling hypotheses—the idea that early changes in goals predict later change in other goals—using multivariate latent difference score models. Achievement goals showed moderate rank-order stability over 4 years. Three of four goals demonstrated small normative declines, excepting performance approach goals. A change in mastery approach goals was associated with levels of the other three goals; these goals jointly acted to slow the decline of mastery goals. Trajectories for the other three goals were largely independent. Results suggest that goals are relatively stable individual differences during the college years.

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Personality Trait Stability and Change Across Adolescence: Results From a Japanese Twin Sample

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Kawamoto ◽  
Toshihiko Endo
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Trait Stability ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
The University ◽  
Fitting Model ◽  
Adolescent Personality

We examined developmental trends and sources of stability and change in adolescent personality by using twin data collected from 1981 to 2010 (273 monozygotic (MZ) and 48 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs) from a secondary school affiliated with the University of Tokyo. Phenotypic analyses showed high rank-order stability and substantial mean-level increases in neuroticism and declines in extraversion over the adolescent years. Longitudinal bivariate genetic analyses revealed that the best-fitting model for adolescent personality includes additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences. Heritability estimates ranged approximately from 0.30 to 0.60. Additionally, three-year stability in adolescent personality was influenced mainly by genetic factors, and there were both genetic and environmental innovations in mid-adolescence. Our findings suggest that both genetic and environmental effects have significant roles in the etiology of personality development across adolescence.

scholarly journals Full-Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Brand Positioning Maps Using Supermarket Scanning Data

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Waarts ◽  
Martin Carree ◽  
Berend Wierenga
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Brand Positioning ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Full Information Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Product Maps

The authors build on the idea put forward by Shugan to infer product maps from scanning data. They demonstrate that the actual estimation procedure used by Shugan has several methodological problems and may yield unstable estimates. They propose an alternative estimation procedure, full-information maximum likelihood (FIML), which addresses the problems and yields significantly improved results. An important additional advantage of the procedure is that the parameters of the preference distribution can be estimated simultaneously with the brand coordinates. Hence, it is not necessary to assume a fixed (uniform) distribution of preferences. An empirical application is presented in which the outcomes obtained from Shugan's procedure are compared with those from the proposed procedure.

scholarly journals Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Parameters of a System of Simultaneous Regression Equations

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Durbin
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Iterative Procedure ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Full Information Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Three Stage Least Squares ◽  
Newton Raphson

Procedures for computing the full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimates of the parameters of a system of simultaneous regression equations have been described by Koopmans, Rubin, and Leipnik, Chernoff and Divinsky, Brown, and Eisenpress. However, all of these methods are rather complicated since they are based on estimating equations that are expressed in an inconvenient form. In this paper, a transformation of the maximum likelihood (ML) equations is developed which not only leads to simpler computations but which also simplifies the study of the properties of the estimates. The equations are obtained in a form which is capable of solution by a modified Newton-Raphson iterative procedure. The form obtained also shows up very clearly the relation between the maximum likelihood estimates and those obtained by the three-stage least squares method of Zellner and Theil.

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