The Anthropocene and ecological awareness in Poland: The post-socialist view

2021 ◽  
pp. 205301962110512
Author(s):  
Justyna Chodkowska-Miszczuk ◽  
Krzysztof Rogatka ◽  
Aleksandra Lewandowska
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
Real Socialism ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
Second World

Dynamic and unrestrained socio-economic development is upsetting the balance of nature’s mechanisms, causing a climate stalemate, or even climate destabilisation. After the Second World War a new political system – real socialism – was enforced on Poland. It brought about changes of a social, cultural, economic and environmental nature. Its immanent feature was the application of top-down decisions that did not take into account environmental components. There was also little ecological awareness within Polish society at that time. The transformations of the 1990s resulted not only in the liberalisation of the Polish economy, but also in the permeation of new trends oriented towards pro-environmental activities. The aim of the article is to find an answer to the question: How is ecological awareness currently shaped in the context of Anthropocene in Poland during the transition from a socialist economy to a capitalist economic system?

scholarly journals Koncepcja efektywności oceny przedsiębiorstw Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej i jej ewolucja

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Anna Ćwiąkała-Małys ◽  
Małgorzata Durbajło-Mrowiec
Keyword(s):  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Polish Economy ◽  
The Times ◽  
Normative Cost ◽  
Second World

After the Second World War, in the time of totalitarian leadership, economic and inter-company settlement rules were implemented for the management of the Polish economy and Polish enterprises. Their purpose was to control the use of resources and the implementation of plans as well as to increase the efficiency and rationality of management. The term efficiency was not used. The aim of the article is to investigate whether the internal economic settlement, an inherent part of which was cost accounting, had the features of efficiency accounting. The research was carried out by qualitative, comparative and praxeological methods. The chronological views of selected economists from the times of the Polish People’s Republic presented here indicate their significant evolution. With the end of the socialist economy, economists were writing about maximizing profits and the profitability of enterprises remaining on inter-company settlement, about the efficiency of their activities and financial independence. Cost accounting was modified to resemble the  normative cost accounting model that provided multi-sectional information for managing, including evaluation of efficiency. That is why a tool was used that was not connected with the centralized economy but was an example of modern solutions that were necessary in a totalitarian country for achieving the desired level of control over society.

Introduction

2000 ◽  
pp. 3-33
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
World War ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Second World

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how Poland was one of the principal areas where the Nazis attempted to carry out their planned genocide of European Jewry. It was there that the major death camps were established and that Jews were brought from all over Nazi-occupied Europe to be gassed, above all in Auschwitz, where at least 1 million lost their lives in this way. There is no more controversial topic in the history of the Jews in Poland than the question of the degree of responsibility borne by Polish society for the fact that such a small proportion of Polish Jewry escaped the Nazi mass murderers. The primary responsibility clearly lies with the Nazis. However, the recognition of the primary role of the Germans in the genocide has not prevented bitter arguments over Polish behaviour during the Second World War. Jews have harshly criticized what they see as Polish indifference to the fate of the Jews and the willingness of a minority to aid the Nazis or to take advantage of the new conditions to profit at Jewish expense.

Żydzi

1999 ◽  
pp. 339-340
Author(s):  
Jerzy Tomaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Important Group ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

This chapter considers a series of books, A to Polska właśnie (This is Indeed Poland). These books introduce their readers to various issues of interest to anyone studying Polish society. The chapter focuses on the volume Żydzi (The Jews), in particular, as it is the first to discuss an important group among Poland's population. The volume covers the period up to the second half of the eighteenth century, political and social problems from the second half of the eighteenth century until the end of the nineteenth, Jewish culture and religion in the nineteenth century, the period from the First World War until 1939, the Holocaust, and Jews in Poland after the Second World War. The chapter contends that this book should be regarded not as just one more study about Polish Jews, but as making a singular contribution to the promotion of knowledge about Jewish traditions, culture, and history in Poland.

scholarly journals RZUT OKA NA POLSKĄ ROMANISTYKĘ W PIERWSZYM DZIESIĘCIOLECIU XXI WIEKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Maria Zabłocka
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Political System ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
First Century ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
Private Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

An Overview of the Work of Polish Scholarship on Roman Law in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century Summary In the first decade of the 21st century Polish scholars of Roman Law accomplished a considerable amount of work, adopting an entirely new area of research. While publications on private law had constituted the predominant trend since the Second World War, especially in the first forty years of the period, articles on public law were an exception until recent times. In the last few years nearly twice as many monographs have been published on a broad range of issues in public law, such as the political system, administration, and criminal law, as on private law. The numer of articles on public law has also been much larger than on other branches of Roman law. The work of Polish Romanists has earned acknowledgement abroad, as evidenced by the invitations Polish researchers have been receiving to contribute to foreign occasional volumes, and by the digests of Polish books and articles which have appeared in the Italian scholarly journal «Iura. Rivista internazionale di diritto romano e antico».

La crise du système politique italien par des observateurs socio-politiques nationaux

Res Publica ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Domenico Rossetti Di Valdalbero
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Italian Politics ◽  
Second World

In the last five years, the Italian political system registered its most important crisis. All parties, existing since the second world war, disappeared or were greatly transformed.  The main purpose of this article is to analyse the deepest causes of the first Italian republic's collapse, following some specific interpretations of ltalian political observers.L. Ricolfi bases his theory on the emergence of "Lega" and the return of laïque culture in Italy. The old christian democratic and communist parties will suffer the most from these changes.A. Sofri emphasizes the identity of northern regionalism between the "Lega" and the "Pool of Milan" ('Clean hands operation"). A real opposition emerges between the judges of Milan and the politicians of Rome.S. Romano and M.L. Salvadori prefer the historical approach: for them, the events of1990-1994 are very similar to what happened in 1922-1926and in 1943-1945. The absence of a pacific alternative and the "ideological war" among political forces produce the effect that every change in Italian politics implies an end of regime.L. Ornaghi and V.B. Parsi deal with the "values" of citizens which, very often, do not correspond to the values of old politicians. For them, a democracy for the political parties -as structured in the last 45 years- must give priority to a democracy for the citizens.

Jerzy Wyrozumski

2021 ◽  
pp. 519-520
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
World War ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter provides the obituary for Jerzy Wyrozumski, who died in Kraków in early November 2018 at the age of 88. It talks about Wyrozumski as a professor of history at the Jagiellonian University and an outstanding scholar of the Middle Ages for many years. He was born in Trembowla in East Galicia and was resettled with his family in Kozle in Silesia, which was incorporated into Poland after the Second World War. Wyrozumski's particular interest was the economic and social history of Poland during the Middle Ages, the functioning of the medieval political system, and medieval religious movements in Europe. The chapter mentions Wyrozumski's active involvement in the organization of the Conference on Jewish Autonomy in Poland that was held at the Jagiellonian University in September 1986.

The Boxes We Live in, the Beliefs We Have

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Timothy William Waters
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
New Right ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
Second World ◽  
Current Rule

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the proposed new right to secession. In this new right to secession, groups of people may form a new state by holding a referendum on part of an existing state's territory. If the group wins the vote, the existing state must negotiate independence in good faith. The group's members do not need to share ethnicity, language, or culture; they just have to live in the same place. One might think this is a terrible idea—a formula for chaos, instability, and violence—and one can already think of many objections. Surely the current rule—a legal and political system of states with fixed borders—is a much safer and better way to organize the planet and the people living on it. This book considers why this intuition about fixed borders—which is the conventional wisdom and the commonest sense, even though borders have only been fixed since 1945—may well be wrong, why the objections to secession prove less obvious than they seem, and why it is actually very hard to be so sure that the rule people have now does what people think it does. The chapter then looks at the international order established at the end of the Second World War, which has confined questions about the shape of states—and changes to their shape—to a very limited space.

Demokracja nieliberalna jako projekt polityczny

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 11-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Antoszewski
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Illiberal Democracy ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Second World

Illiberal democracy seems to be one of the most important topics for political scientists studying the process of post­communist democratisation. It may be – and often has been – considered as a real alternative for models of democracy developing in the Western political hemisphere. This article focuses on the sources of crisis of liberal democracy and possible political consequences of its replacing by an illiberal vision of political system. Author hypothesises that making illiberal democracy real requires the reinterpretation of main democratic principles, such as representation or separation of powers, as well as abandoning of political consensus, present in consolidated West European democracies after the Second World War, and, in effect, fundamental change of patterns of political behaviour. The question of the future of illiberal democracy is also posed and three possible scenarios are considered.

scholarly journals Policy of Repolonization and the Autochthonous Polish Population of the Western and Northern Lands of Poland in 1944—1950

2021 ◽  
pp. 256-266
Author(s):  
A. A. Zhirov
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World ◽  
Soviet Model

For the first time in Russian historiography, the fate of the autochthonous Polish population of the former eastern provinces of Germany, which at the end of the Second World War became part of the Polish Republic under the name “Returned Lands”, is considered for the first time. On the basis of official documents of the authorities, statistics, press materials, memoirs and the latest research, the author analyzes the concepts of integration of the indigenous population of the Returned Lands into Polish society, the main mechanisms and results of the policy of repolonization of Germanized autochthons. It is shown that many Poles, former citizens of Germany, found it difficult to identify themselves with the Polish state, its history and culture. Comparing the plans and results of the government’s integration efforts, the author concludes that the original plan of the Polish authorities envisaged a phased and gradual integration of the indigenous people of Polish origin into Polish society. It is noted, however, that with the beginning of the socialist reforms on the Soviet model in the late 1940s, the interaction of the authorities with the inhabitants of the Returned Lands was reduced to a set of administrative measures designed to level the differences between different groups of the population on the newly annexed lands.

scholarly journals Procesy inflacyjne w Polsce w latach 1945-1955 - przejawy, fazy, uwarunkowania, konsekwencje. Przyczynek do badań nad inflacją w PRL

2014 ◽  
pp. 93-121
Author(s):  
Jacek Luszniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Wage Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Production ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

The subject of this paper is inflation in Poland in the first decade after the Second World War and its goals include identification of causes, examples, phases and consequences of inflation in People’s Poland in that period. In socialist economy inflation was only in small part expressed by increase in prices and in large part in different examples of “bad” market (shortages, queues, rationing etc.). Therefore the analysis concentrtes on inflation understood as consumer surplus demand. Subsequent parts of the text analyse: theories on inflation sources and mechanisms in socialist economies and inflation in Poland between 1945–1949 and from 1950–1955. Our research showed that consumer surplus demand was almost permanent which allowed to consider inflation (although not in open form) a permanent feature of socialist economy in Poland. The results of research also confirmed the hypothesis on surplus investments in industry as fundamen‑ tal and cyclically returning cause of inflation that existed also in the so called pro‑consumption phases of economic policy. During limited investment expansion periods inflation was limited through severe and consequently executed deflation measures (such as in 1948 and 1949). During conversion to market production similar effect was achieved by blocking wage increase (1954–1955). Sporadic use and ineffectiveness of anti ‑inflation policy instruments was caused primarily by limits set by political and doctrinal principles.

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