Neurohypofyzární peptidy v lékařství z pražských a švédských laboratoří. Část I: Historie výzkumu a počátky produkce lékových forem

From the fifties to the seventies of the last century, the neurohypophyseal peptides oxytocin and vasopressin constituted one of the main research areas at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague (IOCB). A significant contribution to this area is associated with the names of František Šorm, director of the said institute, and Josef Rudinger, head of the institute's peptide laboratory. At that time, newly developed research tools enabled to synthesize structural analogues of these hormones in numerous laboratories worldwide and hence to investigate the structure-activity relationships within this peptide group. Contributions of single peptide-chain positions to the respective biological activities were identified which opened a possibility to rationalize a design of peptides with a combination of changes in several positions. Several clinically interesting peptides were synthesized in the late 1960s at the IOCB and employed as therapeutics: [(Gly)3-Cys1,Lys8]-vasopressin (Glypressin Ferring®, Terli­pressin INN), 1-deamino-8-ᴅ-arginine vasopressin (Desmopressin INN, dDAVP), and later the uterotonics carbetocin (INN), widely used in obstetrics to prevent postpartum haemorrhage. Since the industrial production of peptide therapeutics was scarcely possible under the conditions of socialist economy in Czechoslovakia as well as in other countries under the Soviet influence, F. Šorm agreed to use the already established scientific contacts of IOCB with the Swedish pharmaceutical company Ferring AB and to transfer the production licences to Sweden. The license agreements were signed in 1969 and led to a quick spread of dDAVP in the substitution therapy of the central form of diabetes insipidus and, moreover, contributed to a fast upsurge of the Ferring company. Somewhat later, Glypressin was produced as a therapeutic with a prolonged action in cases of cardiovascular collapse. Contacts between Prague peptide chemists and the Ferring company lasted on a rather informal base until the end of the 1980s. After the fall of the totalitarian regime in Czechoslovakia in 1990, Ferring started a joint-venture collaboration with the newly organized Czech company Léčiva st.p. Praha in a newly established group Prague Polypeptide Institute spol. s. r.o. (later Ferring-Léčiva A.S.). A substantial part of the peptide-production capacities was then transferred to new buildings in Prague.

Koncepcja efektywności oceny przedsiębiorstw Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej i jej ewolucja

After the Second World War, in the time of totalitarian leadership, economic and inter-company settlement rules were implemented for the management of the Polish economy and Polish enterprises. Their purpose was to control the use of resources and the implementation of plans as well as to increase the efficiency and rationality of management. The term efficiency was not used. The aim of the article is to investigate whether the internal economic settlement, an inherent part of which was cost accounting, had the features of efficiency accounting. The research was carried out by qualitative, comparative and praxeological methods. The chronological views of selected economists from the times of the Polish People’s Republic presented here indicate their significant evolution. With the end of the socialist economy, economists were writing about maximizing profits and the profitability of enterprises remaining on inter-company settlement, about the efficiency of their activities and financial independence. Cost accounting was modified to resemble the normative cost accounting model that provided multi-sectional information for managing, including evaluation of efficiency. That is why a tool was used that was not connected with the centralized economy but was an example of modern solutions that were necessary in a totalitarian country for achieving the desired level of control over society.

“Public catering in service to the industrial financial plan of the “Apatit” trust”: from the history of the establishment and development of a new branch of the socialist economy in 1930–1935

The article retrospectively highlights the main stages of the establishment and development of public catering as a subsystem of food distribution in the area of apatite mining of the Apatit trust in 1930–1935 in the context of the socio-economic modernization processes of the first five-year plans, which led to the rapid urbanization of the population in the new industrial regions of the USSR. Despite the presence of a wide range of foreign and domestic studies of the history of Russian society during the period of its transition from the traditional agrarian to the industrial type of development, including everyday life and the organization of supply of the urban population, which are based on the methodology of social and economic history, anthropology, the scientific literature lacks information on the history of providing food on the regional level to the urbanized population of the new industrial centers of the USSR, in particular through public catering enterprises. This indicates the relevance of studying the history of the formation of a new branch of the Soviet economy in the Khibiny. Within the framework of the humanitarian and systemic approaches, the methodology of the case study is based on general scientific methods of scientific cognition, archival, source study, problem-chronological, comparative, historical-genetic (retrospective) methods. The empirical material for the study was archival documents from the end of 1929–1935 deposited in the collections of the Kirovsk branch of the State Archive of the Murmansk Region and in the Main Collection of the Museum-Archive of the History of Study and Development of the European North of the BCH of the KSC of the RAS, including published prescriptive documents of state power and political administrating authorities in the USSR in 1930–1935, materials of the periodical press of Khibinogorsk (since December 1934 — Kirovsk) in 1930–1935.

A. D. Kaplan. First aid station in industrial plants. V. A. Obukh Institute for the Study of Occupational Diseases. Moscow, 1928 Publishing house of the Moszdravotdel

With the present rapid rate of growth of the industrialization of the country and the reconstruction of the socialist economy with its huge factories, factories, state and collective farms under construction, the question of first aid points becomes urgent. The appearance of this brochure in print should be hailed as the first experience of analyzing the problem of a first aid station in production from an organizational and surgical point of view. The author raises in detail and broadly the question of the approach of the attending physician to production, of the structure of the first aid station for the successful treatment of injuries and its prevention. Concerning the organizational form of the item, the author believes that this institution should not have medical functions, but only the provision of first aid, and should be organizationally individualized according to the characteristics of the injury rate of this enterprise. Due to the fact that it is not possible to get a sufficiently qualified specialist for such a point - a doctor, the standardization of first aid should be carefully developed: typification of stopping bleeding, handling a wound, burn, fracture, typing of dressings, etc. In addition, the responsibilities of the point should be immediate transportation of the victim to the nearest medical institution.

The Anthropocene and ecological awareness in Poland: The post-socialist view

Dynamic and unrestrained socio-economic development is upsetting the balance of nature’s mechanisms, causing a climate stalemate, or even climate destabilisation. After the Second World War a new political system – real socialism – was enforced on Poland. It brought about changes of a social, cultural, economic and environmental nature. Its immanent feature was the application of top-down decisions that did not take into account environmental components. There was also little ecological awareness within Polish society at that time. The transformations of the 1990s resulted not only in the liberalisation of the Polish economy, but also in the permeation of new trends oriented towards pro-environmental activities. The aim of the article is to find an answer to the question: How is ecological awareness currently shaped in the context of Anthropocene in Poland during the transition from a socialist economy to a capitalist economic system?

Application of Socialist Economy for National Independence

Sistem ekonomi sosialis merupakan bentuk resistensi dari sistem ekonomi kapitalis yang dituding sebagai penyebab tidak tercapainya kesejahteraan yang merata. Ia adalah kebalikan dari sistem ekonomi kapitalis yang sepenuhnya menyerahkan siklus ekonomi pada mekanisme pasar yang berkembang. Sistem ekonomi sosialis mempunyai tujuan kemakmuran bersama, filosofi ekonomi sosialis adalah bagaimana mendapatkan kesejahteraan, perkembangan sosialisme dimulai dari kritik terhadap kapitalisme yang pada waktu itu kam kapitalis atau kam borjuis mendapat legitimasi gereja untuk mengeksploitasi buruh. Dengan mengunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dapat di simpulkan bahwa sistem ekonomi sosialis merupakan solusi terhadap gap yang ditimbulkan kapitalis, sistem sosialis juga memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Kekurangan tersebutlah yang menjadikan sistem sosialis tidak bertahan lama.

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH OSSETIA IN 1930-1970S.

В статье речь идет об основных тенденциях финансово-экономического развития Северной Осетии в 30—70-е гг. XX в. в условиях планового хозяйства. Прослежена ди­намика этого процесса в общем хозяйственно-экономическом контексте СССР, обо­значены проблемы в финансово-бюджетной сфере и показаны наиболее значимые ре­зультаты, достигнутые республикой в основных отраслях народного хозяйства. При­водятся данные о мерах по укреплению союзного и республиканского бюджетов, в числе которых – деятельность системы органов партийно-государственного контроля по выявлению финансовых нарушений и неоправданных трат. Основными механизмами пополнения бюджетов оставались интенсификация производства за счет повышения производительности труда и экстенсивное развитие производственного потенциа­ла с одновременным усилением административного воздействия со стороны партий­но-советских органов. В целом бюджетная система Северной Осетии эволюциони­ровала в соответствии с задачами хозяйственно-экономического развития СССР: в предвоенное десятилетие – мобилизация накоплений социалистической экономики на выполнение плана индустриализации и коллективизации сельского хозяйства, в годы войны – на оборонные нужды, в послевоенный период – на восстановление и дальнейшее развитие народного хозяйства, в годы «оттепели» – на поддержание достигнутых результатов с ориентацией на социальную сферу, а затем – на преодоление противо­речий между необходимостью модернизации плановой экономики и государственной монополии на основные стоимостные механизмы. Отдельное внимание уделено руко­водителям финансового ведомства Северной Осетии в указанный период. The article deals with the main trends in the financial and economic development of North Ossetia in the 30-70s of 20th century under the conditions of a planned economy. The dynamics of this process in the general economic context of the USSR is traced, problems in the financial and budgetary sphere are identified, and the most significant results achieved by the republic in the main sectors of the national economy are shown. The article provides data on measures to strengthen the union and republican budgets, including the activities of the system of party-state control institutions to identify financial violations and unjustified spending. The main mechanisms for replenishing the budgets remained the intensification of production by increasing labor productivity and the extensive development of production potential with a simultaneous increase in the administrative influence of the party and Soviet organizations. In general, the budgetary system of North Ossetia has evolved in accordance with the tasks of the economic development of the USSR: in the pre-war decade – the mobilization of the accumulations of the socialist economy to fulfill the plan of industrialization and collectivization of agriculture, during the war years – for defense needs, in the post-war period – for restoration and further development of the national economy, during the years of the “thaw” – to maintain the achieved results with a focus on the social sphere, and then – to overcome the contradictions between the need to modernize the planned economy and the state monopoly on the main cost mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the heads of the financial department of North Ossetia during this period.

Structural Over-Determination of Education Reforms and Agency

This article attempts to conceptualise the relationship between the individual (professional) and the structural in a period of relatively radical changes in society. The challenging and revealing dialectic of such relations is analysed through the combination of auto-ethnographic reflections and archival documents showing the changes in the functioning of a council of experts in a country that experienced and coped with three fundamentally peaceful transitions: the transition from a self-managed socialist economy to a market economy, the transition from a one-party socialist system to a representative liberal democracy, and from a republic that was part of a federal state to an independent state. The Expert Council of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia (then still part of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia), later renamed the Expert Council of the Republic of Slovenia (at that time a liberal democracy with a market economy and an independent state), can serve as an example of the productive intertwining of individual (expert) and the structural in the formulation and the implementation of the functional transformation of the educational system. The contextualised account and assessment of the shifts that together helped bring about the independent state and its education system formation outlines the complexity and importance of reflexive governance in the times of transition, which, in itself, brings to the fore a number of relevant issues and invites and supports change in the educational system. Such an opportunity should not be missed by the country and its educators.