scholarly journals Unequal Opportunity? Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in the Returns to Internal U.S. Migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-70
Author(s):  
Christine Leibbrand
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Latino Men ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Internal U.S. migration plays an important role in increasing individuals’ access to economic and social opportunities. At the same time, race, ethnicity, and gender have frequently shaped the opportunities and obstacles individuals face. It is therefore likely that the returns to internal migration are also shaped by race, ethnicity, and gender, though we have relatively little knowledge of whether this is the case for contemporary internal U.S. migration. To explore this possibility, I use restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data from 1979 to 2012. I find that white men gain the most economically from migrating, relative to black and Latino men. For women, migration is associated with stable or narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes, with Latina women experiencing the largest economic benefits associated with migration and with black and white women exhibiting comparable economic returns to migration. Together, these findings indicate that migration may maintain or even narrow racial/ethnic disparities in economic outcomes among women, but widen them among men.

A Macrolevel Study of Police Killings at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872097744
Author(s):  
Shytierra Gaston ◽  
April D. Fernandes ◽  
Rashaan A. DeShay
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Racial Conflict ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Unique Dataset

We investigate macrolevel sources of police use of fatal force at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. Focusing on 580 U.S. counties from 2013 to 2018, we build a unique dataset and analyze whether violent crime, social disorganization, and racial conflict indicators predict police killings among six victim subgroups of Black, Hispanic, and White men and women. Regression results show that violent crime—and social disorganization, albeit less consistently—is positively associated with police killings of men, irrespective of race/ethnicity, and Hispanic women while having no significant impact on Black or White women. We find nuanced evidence that racial conflict shapes police use of fatal force across all six racial-ethnic-gender subgroups. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mammogram Frequency Among Women With Intellectual Disability

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Arana ◽  
Amy Carroll-Scott ◽  
Philip M. Massey ◽  
Nora L. Lee ◽  
Ann C. Klassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
White Women ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Medical Record Data ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Little information exists on the associations between intellectual disability (ID) and race/ethnicity on mammogram frequency. This study collected survey and medical record data to examine this relationship. Results indicated that Hispanic and Black women with ID were more likely than White women with ID to have mammograms every 2 years. Participants who live in a state-funded residence, were aged 50+, and had a mild or moderate level of ID impairment were more likely to undergo mammography compared to participants living with family or alone, were <50, and had severe ID impairment. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms explaining disparities in mammograms between these racial/ethnic groups.

Parsing out the “Hispanic Effect” in Disaggregated Homicide Trends at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender from 1990 to 2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 108876792093931
Author(s):  
Shytierra Gaston ◽  
CheyOnna Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

This study contributes to homicide research by parsing out the Hispanic Effect and applying an intersectional approach to examining U.S. homicide victimization trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, jointly. Drawing on mortality data, we document and describe total, firearm, and non-firearm homicide victimization rates from 1990 to 2016 for six subgroups: Black women, Black men, Hispanic women, Hispanic men, White women, and White men. The analysis of within- and between-group homicide trends reveals important subgroup-specific patterns that prior studies using aggregate or confounded data have masked. The findings have important research, theory, and policy implications and advocate for an intersectional approach to studying homicide.

Impact of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance on cancer screening: Findings from medical expenditure panel survey.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1547-1547
Author(s):  
Jyoti Malhotra ◽  
David Rotter ◽  
Jennifer Tsui ◽  
Adana Llanos ◽  
Bijal A Balasubramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Gender Concordance ◽  
Screening Adherence ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

1547 Background: Racial/ethnic minority groups experience lower rates of cancer screening compared to non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Previous studies evaluating the role of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance in cancer screening have been inconclusive. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 18,690 patient-provider pairs using the 2003-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data. We assessed association between patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance and, screening adherence for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer using American Cancer Society guidelines. Separate multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographics, self-reported health and MEPS survey year were conducted to examine relationships of interest. Results: Seventy percent of patients were NH-white, 15% were NH-black and 15% were Hispanic. Patients adherent to cancer screening were more likely to be non-Hispanic, better educated, married, wealthier, and privately insured. Among NH-black and NH-whites, patient-provider racial/ethnic concordance was not associated with screening adherence. Among Hispanics, patient-provider racial/ethnic discordant pairs had higher colorectal cancer screening rates as compared to concordant pairs (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.28-1.71). This association was significant even on adjusting for gender concordance and survey language (English vs. Spanish). Conversely, patient-provider gender discordance was associated with lower rates of breast (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.74-0.89), cervical (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.72-0.87) and colorectal cancer (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.93) screening adherence in all patients. This association was also significant on restricting analysis to racial/ethnic concordant pairs. Conclusions: Patient-provider gender concordance positively impacts adherence to cancer screening and this finding may guide future interventions. Patient-provider racial/ethnic concordance is not associated with screening adherence among whites and blacks but Hispanic patients seen by Hispanic providers have lower colorectal cancer screening rates. This counter-intuitive finding requires further study.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in US Adolescents’ Dietary Quality and Its Modification by Weight-Related Factors and Physical Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furong Xu ◽  
Steven A. Cohen ◽  
Mary L. Greaney ◽  
Disa L. Hatfield ◽  
Geoffrey W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Hispanic Females ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

There are well-known disparities in the prevalence of obesity across racial-ethnic groups, although the behavioral and psychological factors driving these disparities are less well understood. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine differences in dietary quality by race/ethnicity and weight-related variables [body mass index (BMI), weight loss attempt, and weight dissatisfaction] and physical activity (PA) using the Health Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015); and (2) to investigate the interactions and independent associations of race/ethnicity, weight-related variables and PA on dietary quality. Data for adolescents aged 12–19 years (n = 3373) were abstracted from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey and analyzed using multiple PROC SURVEYREG, adjusting for demographics and accounting for complex sampling. Analyses determined that Hispanic males had better overall HEI-2015 scores than non-Hispanic whites (48.4 ± 0.5 vs. 45.7 ± 0.6, p = 0.003) or blacks (48.4 ± 0.5 vs. 45.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Hispanic females also had better dietary quality than non-Hispanic whites (50.2 ± 0.4 vs. 47.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and blacks (50.2 ± 0.4 vs. 47.1 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Meeting the PA recommendation modified racial/ethnic differences in dietary quality for females (p = 0.011) and this was primarily driven by the associations among non-Hispanic white females (ΔR2 = 2.6%, p = 0.0004). The study identified racial/ethnic and gender differences among adolescents in factors that may promote obesity. Results may be useful for obesity prevention efforts designed to reduce health disparities in adolescents.

Race, Gender, and Statistical Representation: Predatory Mortgage Lending and the US Community Reinvestment Movement

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 2139-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvin K Wyly ◽  
Mona Atia ◽  
Elizabeth Lee ◽  
Pablo Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Predatory Lending ◽  
Statistical Representation ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Collection Practices ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

American mortgage markets, once arenas of discrimination by exclusion, now operate as venues of segmentation and discrimination by inclusion: credit is widely available, but its terms vary enormously. One market segment involves sophisticated predatory practices in which certain groups of borrowers are targeted for high-cost credit that strips out home equity and worsens the risks of delinquency, default, and foreclosure. Unfortunately, it has become more difficult to measure inequalities of predatory lending: race–ethnicity and gender are ‘disappearing’ from the main public data source used to study, organize, and mobilize on issues of lending inequalities. In this paper, we present a mixed-methods case study of statistical representation of homeowners and homebuyers marginalized by race, ethnicity, and gender. A theoretical examination of official data-collection practices is followed by a discussion of alternative meanings of racial–ethnic and gender nondisclosure. Interviews with a sample of homeowners and homebuyers in the Washington, DC, area reveal some respondent ambivalence about the details of data-collection practices, but provide no consistent support for the idea that nonreporting is solely a matter of individual choice. Econometric analyses indicate that nondisclosure is driven primarily by lending-industry practices, with the strongest disparate impacts in African-American suburbs. Predatory lending is producing ambivalent spaces of racial-ethnic and gender invisibility, requiring new strategies in the reinvestment movement.

Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity and Gender Among Women of Color and White Women

Identity ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Joyce D. Juan ◽  
Moin Syed ◽  
Margarita Azmitia
Keyword(s):  
Women Of Color ◽  
White Women ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

scholarly journals Who Gets Ahead and Who Falls Behind During the Transition to High School? Academic Performance at the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Sutton ◽  
Amy G Langenkamp ◽  
Chandra Muller ◽  
Kathryn S Schiller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Transition ◽  
School Transition ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Transition To High School ◽  
Gender Stratification ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Academic stratification during educational transitions may be maintained, disrupted, or exacerbated. This study marks the first to use national data to investigate how the transition to high school (re)shapes academic status at the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender. We seek to identify the role of the high school transition in shaping racial/ethnic and gender stratification by contextualizing students’ academic declines during the high school transition within the longer window of their educational careers. Using Add Health, we find that white and black boys experience the greatest drops in their grade point averages (GPAs). We also find that the maintenance of high academic grades between the eighth and ninth grades varies across racial/ethnic and gender subgroups; higher-achieving middle school black boys experience the greatest academic declines. Importantly, we find that white and black boys also faced academic declines before the high school transition, whereas their female student peers experienced academic declines only during the transition to high school. We advance current knowledge on educational stratification by identifying the transition to high school as a juncture in which boys’ academic disadvantage widens and high-achieving black boys lose their academic status at the high school starting gate. Our study also underscores the importance of adopting an intersectional framework that considers both race/ethnicity and gender. Given the salience of high school grades for students’ long-term success, we discuss the implications of this study for racial/ethnic and gender stratification during and beyond high school.

scholarly journals Building Teachers’ Trust in Principals: Exploring the Effects of the Match Between Teacher and Principal Race/Ethnicity and Gender and Feelings of Trust

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina F. Brezicha ◽  
Edward J. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
School Life ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Principal Preparation Programs ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Trusting relationships play a crucial role in all aspects of school life. This study builds on this understanding by exploring the role gender and race/ethnicity plays in establishing trust between teachers and principals. Utilizing statewide working conditions survey administered in North Carolina, we employ both descriptive and analytic methods to examine the relationship between the racial/ethnic and gender match between teachers and principals and teachers’ trust in their principal. Our analyses indicate that race matters in establishing trust between teachers and principals. We suggest implications for educational leaders and principal preparation programs.

scholarly journals A Remote Instructor Like Me: Student–Teacher Congruence in Online, High School Courses

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842110187
Author(s):  
Jennifer Darling-Aduana
Keyword(s):  
Online Course ◽  
Educational Benefits ◽  
Online High School ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Students belonging to marginalized groups experience positive impacts when taught by a teacher of the same race, ethnicity, and gender. The unique nature of standardized, asynchronous online course taking allows for greater separation of any possible educational benefits of student versus teacher-driven mechanisms contributing to these improved outcomes. Using a student-by-course fixed effect strategy on data from a large urban school district, I examined associations between whether students experienced racial/ethnic or gender congruence with their remote instructor and both engagement and learning outcomes. Students who identified as Black demonstrated higher rates of engagement, although no difference in achievement, within lessons taught by a same-race remote instructor. I find that representation is associated with engagement even when instructors follow closely scripted lessons, representation occurs in only small doses, and instruction occurs in an impersonal setting.

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