A Macrolevel Study of Police Killings at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

We investigate macrolevel sources of police use of fatal force at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. Focusing on 580 U.S. counties from 2013 to 2018, we build a unique dataset and analyze whether violent crime, social disorganization, and racial conflict indicators predict police killings among six victim subgroups of Black, Hispanic, and White men and women. Regression results show that violent crime—and social disorganization, albeit less consistently—is positively associated with police killings of men, irrespective of race/ethnicity, and Hispanic women while having no significant impact on Black or White women. We find nuanced evidence that racial conflict shapes police use of fatal force across all six racial-ethnic-gender subgroups. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.

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Parsing out the “Hispanic Effect” in Disaggregated Homicide Trends at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender from 1990 to 2016

Homicide Studies ◽

10.1177/1088767920939312 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 108876792093931

Author(s):

Shytierra Gaston ◽

CheyOnna Sewell

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Homicide Victimization ◽

Hispanic Men ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender

This study contributes to homicide research by parsing out the Hispanic Effect and applying an intersectional approach to examining U.S. homicide victimization trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, jointly. Drawing on mortality data, we document and describe total, firearm, and non-firearm homicide victimization rates from 1990 to 2016 for six subgroups: Black women, Black men, Hispanic women, Hispanic men, White women, and White men. The analysis of within- and between-group homicide trends reveals important subgroup-specific patterns that prior studies using aggregate or confounded data have masked. The findings have important research, theory, and policy implications and advocate for an intersectional approach to studying homicide.

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Unequal Opportunity? Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in the Returns to Internal U.S. Migration

Social Currents ◽

10.1177/2329496519869339 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 46-70

Author(s):

Christine Leibbrand

Keyword(s):

White Women ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Economic Outcomes ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Latino Men ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

Internal U.S. migration plays an important role in increasing individuals’ access to economic and social opportunities. At the same time, race, ethnicity, and gender have frequently shaped the opportunities and obstacles individuals face. It is therefore likely that the returns to internal migration are also shaped by race, ethnicity, and gender, though we have relatively little knowledge of whether this is the case for contemporary internal U.S. migration. To explore this possibility, I use restricted, geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data from 1979 to 2012. I find that white men gain the most economically from migrating, relative to black and Latino men. For women, migration is associated with stable or narrower racial and ethnic disparities in economic outcomes, with Latina women experiencing the largest economic benefits associated with migration and with black and white women exhibiting comparable economic returns to migration. Together, these findings indicate that migration may maintain or even narrow racial/ethnic disparities in economic outcomes among women, but widen them among men.

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Impact of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance on cancer screening: Findings from medical expenditure panel survey.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.1547 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 1547-1547

Author(s):

Jyoti Malhotra ◽

David Rotter ◽

Jennifer Tsui ◽

Adana Llanos ◽

Bijal A Balasubramanian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ◽

Medical Expenditure ◽

Gender Concordance ◽

Screening Adherence ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

1547 Background: Racial/ethnic minority groups experience lower rates of cancer screening compared to non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Previous studies evaluating the role of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance in cancer screening have been inconclusive. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 18,690 patient-provider pairs using the 2003-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data. We assessed association between patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance and, screening adherence for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer using American Cancer Society guidelines. Separate multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographics, self-reported health and MEPS survey year were conducted to examine relationships of interest. Results: Seventy percent of patients were NH-white, 15% were NH-black and 15% were Hispanic. Patients adherent to cancer screening were more likely to be non-Hispanic, better educated, married, wealthier, and privately insured. Among NH-black and NH-whites, patient-provider racial/ethnic concordance was not associated with screening adherence. Among Hispanics, patient-provider racial/ethnic discordant pairs had higher colorectal cancer screening rates as compared to concordant pairs (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.28-1.71). This association was significant even on adjusting for gender concordance and survey language (English vs. Spanish). Conversely, patient-provider gender discordance was associated with lower rates of breast (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.74-0.89), cervical (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.72-0.87) and colorectal cancer (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.93) screening adherence in all patients. This association was also significant on restricting analysis to racial/ethnic concordant pairs. Conclusions: Patient-provider gender concordance positively impacts adherence to cancer screening and this finding may guide future interventions. Patient-provider racial/ethnic concordance is not associated with screening adherence among whites and blacks but Hispanic patients seen by Hispanic providers have lower colorectal cancer screening rates. This counter-intuitive finding requires further study.

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Race, Gender, and Statistical Representation: Predatory Mortgage Lending and the US Community Reinvestment Movement

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a38224 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 2139-2166 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Elvin K Wyly ◽

Mona Atia ◽

Elizabeth Lee ◽

Pablo Mendez

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Mortgage Lending ◽

Predatory Lending ◽

Statistical Representation ◽

Public Data ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Collection Practices ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

American mortgage markets, once arenas of discrimination by exclusion, now operate as venues of segmentation and discrimination by inclusion: credit is widely available, but its terms vary enormously. One market segment involves sophisticated predatory practices in which certain groups of borrowers are targeted for high-cost credit that strips out home equity and worsens the risks of delinquency, default, and foreclosure. Unfortunately, it has become more difficult to measure inequalities of predatory lending: race–ethnicity and gender are ‘disappearing’ from the main public data source used to study, organize, and mobilize on issues of lending inequalities. In this paper, we present a mixed-methods case study of statistical representation of homeowners and homebuyers marginalized by race, ethnicity, and gender. A theoretical examination of official data-collection practices is followed by a discussion of alternative meanings of racial–ethnic and gender nondisclosure. Interviews with a sample of homeowners and homebuyers in the Washington, DC, area reveal some respondent ambivalence about the details of data-collection practices, but provide no consistent support for the idea that nonreporting is solely a matter of individual choice. Econometric analyses indicate that nondisclosure is driven primarily by lending-industry practices, with the strongest disparate impacts in African-American suburbs. Predatory lending is producing ambivalent spaces of racial-ethnic and gender invisibility, requiring new strategies in the reinvestment movement.

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Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity and Gender Among Women of Color and White Women

Identity ◽

10.1080/15283488.2016.1229606 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 225-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mary Joyce D. Juan ◽

Moin Syed ◽

Margarita Azmitia

Keyword(s):

Women Of Color ◽

White Women ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender

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Racial/ethnic/gender-based Disparities in Health Trajectories among American Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3295 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 894-894

Author(s):

Dexia Kong ◽

Peiyi Lu ◽

Joan Davitt ◽

Mack Shelley

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Black Women ◽

Physical Function ◽

Hispanic Women ◽

White Men ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Numerous studies have examined racial/ethnic- or gender-based disparities in health. However, few examined health outcomes based on a combination of individuals’ race, ethnicity, and gender. Guided by an intersectionality framework, this study explores racial/ethnic/gender-based differences in older adults’ health trajectories over a ten-year period. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014) were used (n=16,654). Older adults (65+) were stratified into six groups based on their race, ethnicity, and gender, including (1) Non-Hispanic (NH) White Men; (2) NH White Women; (3) NH Black Men; (4) NH Black Women; (5) Hispanic Men; and (6) Hispanic Women. Growth curve models were used to examine the trajectories of three health indicators over time, including cognitive function, physical function (i.e. the sum of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that NH White men and women outperformed racial/ethnic minority groups in cognition and physical function trajectories. Females in all racial/ethnic groups had more depressive symptoms but better cognition than their male counterparts. Hispanic women reported the most depressive symptoms. Hispanic women and NH Black women had the poorest physical function. NH Black men/women had the lowest cognition. Study findings highlighted the utility of an intersectionality framework in understanding health disparities in later life. Multiple social identities intersect with each other and generate protective and/or risk effects on cognitive, mental, and physical health status. Multilevel intervention strategies are warranted to close the health equity gap among various marginalized population groups.

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Racial-Ethnic and Gender Differences in Returns to Cohabitation and Marriage: Evidence from the Current Population Survey

10.31235/osf.io/z6qc9 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philip N. Cohen

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Current Population Survey ◽

Population Survey ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Never Married ◽

Marriage Premium ◽

Current Population ◽

And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

Using data on cohabitation from the 1995-1997 March Current Population Survey, the first three years inwhich the survey included "unmarried partner" as a relationship category, I measure the relationship betweenearnings and cohabitation as well as other marital statuses across racial-ethnic groups for men and women.Results show that among 25-54 year-old workers, black women have the largest cohabitation "premium" --the earnings advantage over never-married workers -- more than three-times the premium for white women.Hispanic women have no cohabitation premium. White men have the largest marriage premium, and eachother group except white women also has a significant marriage premium. There is a significant cohabitationbenefit for white men, black men, and Hispanic men. Substantial differences in observed effects across groupssuggest the need for models that are more complicated than previously used. Research into marital statuseffects on earnings is misleading when restricted to white men.

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Who Gets Ahead and Who Falls Behind During the Transition to High School? Academic Performance at the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity and Gender

Social Problems ◽

10.1093/socpro/spx044 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 154-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

April Sutton ◽

Amy G Langenkamp ◽

Chandra Muller ◽

Kathryn S Schiller

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Transition ◽

School Transition ◽

Black Boys ◽

Transition To High School ◽

Gender Stratification ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Racial Ethnic

Abstract Academic stratification during educational transitions may be maintained, disrupted, or exacerbated. This study marks the first to use national data to investigate how the transition to high school (re)shapes academic status at the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender. We seek to identify the role of the high school transition in shaping racial/ethnic and gender stratification by contextualizing students’ academic declines during the high school transition within the longer window of their educational careers. Using Add Health, we find that white and black boys experience the greatest drops in their grade point averages (GPAs). We also find that the maintenance of high academic grades between the eighth and ninth grades varies across racial/ethnic and gender subgroups; higher-achieving middle school black boys experience the greatest academic declines. Importantly, we find that white and black boys also faced academic declines before the high school transition, whereas their female student peers experienced academic declines only during the transition to high school. We advance current knowledge on educational stratification by identifying the transition to high school as a juncture in which boys’ academic disadvantage widens and high-achieving black boys lose their academic status at the high school starting gate. Our study also underscores the importance of adopting an intersectional framework that considers both race/ethnicity and gender. Given the salience of high school grades for students’ long-term success, we discuss the implications of this study for racial/ethnic and gender stratification during and beyond high school.

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Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity of applicants and matriculants to neurological surgery residency programs

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2021.7.jns21906 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Edwin Nieblas-Bedolla ◽

Fatima El-ghazali ◽

Saman Qadri ◽

John R. Williams ◽

Nabiha Quadri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African American Women ◽

White Women ◽

African American Men ◽

White Men ◽

Residency Programs ◽

Asian Men ◽

And Gender ◽

Neurological Surgery ◽

Ethnicity And Gender

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify trends in the demographic constitution of applicants and matriculants to neurological surgery based on race, ethnicity, and gender. METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional study using compiled demographic data obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Trends analyzed included proportional changes in race, ethnicity, and gender of applicants and matriculants to neurosurgical residency programs from academic years 2010–2011 to 2018–2019. RESULTS A total of 5100 applicants and 2104 matriculants to neurosurgical residency programs were analyzed. No significant change in the percentage of overall women applicants (+0.3%, 95% CI −0.7% to 1.3%; p = 0.77) or in the percentage of women matriculants (+0.3%, 95% CI −2.2% to 2.9%; p = 0.71) was observed. For applicants, no change over time was observed in the percentages of American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) men (0.0%, 95% CI −0.3% to 0.3%; p = 0.65); Asian men (−0.1%, 95% CI −1.2% to 1.1%; p = 0.97); Black or African American men (−0.2%, 95% CI −0.7% to 0.4%; p = 0.91); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin men (+0.4%, 95% CI −0.8% to 1.7%; p = 0.26); White men (+0.5%, 95% CI −2.1% to 3.0%; p = 0.27); Asian women (+0.1,% 95% CI −0.9% to 1.1%; p = 0.73); Black or African American women (0.0%, 95% CI −0.6% to 0.5%; p = 0.30); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin women (0.0%, 95% CI −0.4% to 0.4%; p = 0.71); and White women (+0.3%, 95% CI −1.1% to 1.7%; p = 0.34). For matriculants, no change over time was observed in the percentages of AI/AN men (0.0%, 95% CI −0.6% to 0.6%; p = 0.56); Asian men (0.0%, 95% CI −2.7% to 2.7%; p = 0.45); Black or African American men (−0.3%, 95% CI −1.4% to 0.8%; p = 0.52); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin men (+0.6%, 95% CI −0.8 to 2.0%; p = 0.12); White men (−1.0%, 95% CI −5.3% to 3.3%; p = 0.92); Asian women (+0.1%, 95% CI −1.3% to 1.5%; p = 0.85); Black or African American women (0.0%, 95% CI −0.6% to 0.7%; p = 0.38); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin women (−0.1%, 95% CI −0.7% to 0.5%; p = 0.46); and White women (+0.3%, 95% CI −2.4% to 3.0%; p = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS Despite efforts to diversify the demographic constitution of incoming neurosurgical trainees, few significant advances have been made in recent years. This study suggests that improved strategies for recruitment and cultivating early interest in neurological surgery are required to further increase the diversification of future cohorts of neurosurgical trainees.

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Building Teachers’ Trust in Principals: Exploring the Effects of the Match Between Teacher and Principal Race/Ethnicity and Gender and Feelings of Trust

Journal of School Leadership ◽

10.1177/1052684618825087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 25-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristina F. Brezicha ◽

Edward J. Fuller

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Educational Leaders ◽

School Life ◽

Preparation Programs ◽

Principal Preparation Programs ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

The Relationship ◽

Racial Ethnic

Trusting relationships play a crucial role in all aspects of school life. This study builds on this understanding by exploring the role gender and race/ethnicity plays in establishing trust between teachers and principals. Utilizing statewide working conditions survey administered in North Carolina, we employ both descriptive and analytic methods to examine the relationship between the racial/ethnic and gender match between teachers and principals and teachers’ trust in their principal. Our analyses indicate that race matters in establishing trust between teachers and principals. We suggest implications for educational leaders and principal preparation programs.

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