scholarly journals Early Signs Indicate That COVID-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312094799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
William J. Scarborough ◽  
Caitlyn Collins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Using Data

In this data visualization, the authors examine how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in the United States has affected labor force participation, unemployment, and work hours across gender and parental status. Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors compare estimates between February and April 2020 to examine the period of time before the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to the height of the first wave, when stay-at-home orders were issued across the country. The findings illustrate that women, particularly mothers, have employment disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Mothers are more likely than fathers to exit the labor force and become unemployed. Among heterosexual married couples of which both partners work in telecommuting-capable occupations, mothers have scaled back their work hours to a far greater extent than fathers. These patterns suggest that the COVID-19 crisis is already worsening existing gender inequality, with long-term implications for women’s employment.

The Labor Market Skills of Recent Male Immigrants: Evidence from the Current Population Survey

ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Funkhouser ◽  
Stephen J. Trejo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Using Data

Using data from special supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS), the authors track the education and hourly earnings of recent male immigrants to the United States. In terms of these measures of labor market skills, the CPS data suggest that immigrants who came in the late 1980s were more skilled than those who arrived earlier in the decade. This pattern represents a break from the steady decline in immigrant skill levels observed in 1940–80 Census data. Despite the encouraging trend over the 1980s, however, the average skills of recent immigrants remain low by historical standards.

Child Poverty in Sweden and the United States: The Effect of Social Transfers and Parental Labor Force Participation

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jäntti ◽  
Sheldon Danziger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Social Transfers ◽  
Using Data

The authors compare the incidence and some of the causes of child poverty in Sweden and the United States in selected years using data from the Luxembourg Income Study. The U.S. sample is restricted to white non-hispanic children to present the most favorable comparison with Sweden's more homogeneous population. When parents' labor force participation and demographic characteristics are taken into account, the proportion of children in families whose income prior to social transfers and taxes was below the poverty line (defined as 40% of median disposable income adjusted for family size) is very similar in the two countries. Because all poor children in Sweden received transfers and many in the United States did not, however, and because transfers were more generous in Sweden, a much lower percentage of children in Sweden than in the United States were poor after social transfers and taxes, regardless of parents' work effort or other characteristics.

scholarly journals Long-Term Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Growing Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Bilani ◽  
Elizabeth Blessing Elimimian ◽  
Leah Elson ◽  
Hong Liang ◽  
Zeina Nahleh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Stage Migration ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Public Health Campaigns ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Breast cancer represents the most common malignancy among women. However, due to effective public health campaigns and updated screening guidelines, the annual incidence of late stage diagnoses has fallen. This stage migration has allowed for better prognosis and more women achieving long-term survival. In this chapter, we review long-term survivorship – defined as 10 years from diagnosis – as reported in the United States and around the world. Additionally, we provide analysis for socio-demographic, clinical and pathologic factors associated with 10-year survival, using data from a large national registry. This chapter also utilizes historical case data to forecast stage migration patterns in breast cancer diagnoses, within the United States, to 2030. Finally, we discuss the effects of the novel coronavirus pandemic on breast cancer treatment and access to care, with a review of clinical considerations for the future.

scholarly journals I NTERNATIONAL WORK-TIME TRENDS: THE EMERGING GAP IN HOURS

Just Labour ◽  
1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Hayden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Catch Up

This paper examines historical and recent trends in average annual work hours. The shared long-term decline in annual hours appears to be giving way to a growing divergence among OECD nations, with notable differences between several European nations and the United States. Significant differences among nations exist in annual vacation entitlements and are emerging with regard to the workweek. Competing notions of work-time flexibility held by employers and employees are an important new element in recent work-time debates, as is the related trend toward individualised forms of work-time reduction. Some European countries with pioneering work-time regimes are reviewed. The paper concludes by raising the question of how Canada can resist the American long-hours model and catch up with leading-edge practices.

scholarly journals When Equity Matters for Marital Stability: Comparing German and American Couples

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Bellani ◽  
Gøsta Esping Andersen ◽  
Léa Pessin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
West Germany ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Stable Arrangement

Comparing West Germany and the United States, we analyze the association between equity - in terms of the relative gender division of paid and unpaid work hours – and the risk of marriage dissolution. Our aim is to identify under what conditions equity influences couple stability. We apply event-history analysis to marriage histories using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for Western Germany and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the United States for the period 1986 to 2009. For the United States, we find that deviation from equity is particularly destabilizing when the wife under-benefits, and when both partners' paid work hours are similar. In West Germany, equity is less salient. Instead we find that the male breadwinner model remains the single most stable arrangement.

scholarly journals The Nonlinear Linkage Between Earnings Homogamy and Earnings Inequality Among Married Couples

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-550
Author(s):  
Yifan Shen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
High Earning ◽  
Using Data

Abstract More married couples today consist of two high-earning or two low-earning partners (i.e., earnings homogamy), which leads to greater earnings inequality in married-couple families. Surprisingly few studies have examined this relationship by earnings level, leaving open the question of whether the increase in earnings homogamy at each level of earnings contributes equally to between-couple earnings inequality. I address this question using data on urban China during 1988–2013. Changes in earnings homogamy account for 6% to 11% of the increase in between-couple inequality, but importantly, decomposition reveals that 57% to 68% of the overall impact is driven by the growing earnings homogamy among the top 20% of husbands and their wives. I reach the same finding by replicating the analyses using data from the United States. Two explanations account for this finding: (1) earnings homogamy has increased more among high earners; and (2) all else being equal, increases among high earners are mechanically more influential in shaping the level of between-couple inequality. These findings have important theoretical and policy implications.

scholarly journals Rural-urban differences in the labor-force impacts of COVID-19 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M Brooks ◽  
Tom Mueller ◽  
Brian C. Thiede
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Using Data

COVID-19 has had dramatic impacts on economic outcomes across the United States, yet most research on the pandemic has had a national or urban focus. We overcome this limitation using data from the U.S. Current Population Survey’s COVID-19 supplement to study pandemic-related labor force outcomes from May through December of 2020 in rural and urban areas. We find the pandemic has generally had a more severe labor force impact on urban residents than their rural counterparts. Urban adults were more likely to be unable to work, not paid for missed hours, and be unable to look for work due to COVID-19. However, rural workers were less likely to be able to work remotely than urban workers. These differences persist even when adjusting estimates for demographic composition and state-level policies, suggesting rural-urban differences in the COVID-19 experience cannot be explained by well-known demographic and political differences between rural and urban America.

Why Self-Employment Rates Are Higher Among People With Work Limitations

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Elena Gouskova
Keyword(s):  
Population Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
The Self ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
Work Limitations ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Average Work ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the Current Population Survey, the authors studied self-employment among people with work limitations in the United States. They found that self-employment rates are higher among workers with limitations compared with workers without limitations. Furthermore, the self-employment differential increases with education and age. This investigation of possible explanations has revealed that expected wage differences between self-employed people and employees are similar between disability groups but average work hours are lower and more variable among the self-employed with work limitations. This evidence is consistent with the view that people with disabilities might choose self-employment because of non-monetary motives.

scholarly journals Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teri S Krebs ◽  
Pål-Ørjan Johansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Lifetime Prevalence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Age Category

We estimated lifetime prevalence of psychedelic use (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, and peyote) by age category using data from a 2010 US population survey of 57,873 individuals aged 12 years and older. There were approximately 32 million lifetime psychedelic users in the US in 2010; including 17% of people aged 21 to 64 years (22% of males and 12% of females). Rate of lifetime psychedelic use was greatest among people aged 30 to 34 (total 20%, including 26% of males and 15% of females).

scholarly journals Rural-Urban Differences in the Labor-Force Impacts of COVID-19 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110220
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Brooks ◽  
J. Tom Mueller ◽  
Brian C. Thiede
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Adults ◽  
Using Data

COVID-19 has had dramatic impacts on economic outcomes across the United States, yet most research on the pandemic’s labor-market impacts has had a national or urban focus. We overcome this limitation using data from the U.S. Current Population Survey’s COVID-19 supplement to study pandemic-related labor-force outcomes in rural and urban areas from May 2020 through February 2021. We find the pandemic has generally had more severe labor-force impacts on urban adults than their rural counterparts. Urban adults were more often to go unpaid for missed hours, to be unable to work, and to be unable to look for work due to COVID-19. However, rural workers were less likely to work remotely than urban workers. These differences persist even when adjusting for adults’ socioeconomic characteristics and state-level factors. Our results suggest that rural-urban differences in the nature of work during the pandemic cannot be explained by well-known demographic and political differences between rural and urban America.

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