scholarly journals Educating Pharmacists on the Risks of Strong Opioids With Descriptive and Simulated Experience Risk Formats: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146832110428
Author(s):  
Odette Wegwarth ◽  
Stefan Wind ◽  
Eva Goebel ◽  
Claudia Spies ◽  
Joerg J. Meerpohl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opioid Prescription ◽  
Chronic Noncancer Pain ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Strong Opioids

Objectives. High opioid prescription rates in the United States and Europe suggest miscalibrated risk perceptions among those who prescribe, dispense, and take opioids. Findings from cognitive decision science suggest that risk perceptions and behaviors can differ depending on whether people learn about risks by experience or description. This study investigated effects of a descriptive versus an experience-based risk education format on pharmacists’ risk perceptions and counseling behavior in the long-term administration of strong opioids to patients with chronic noncancer pain. Methods. In an exploratory, randomized controlled online trial, 300 German pharmacists were randomly assigned to either a descriptive format (fact box) or a simulated experience format (interactive simulation). Primary Outcome Measures. 1) Objective risk perception, 2) subjective risk perception, and 3) intended and 4) actual counseling behavior. Results. Both risk formats significantly improved pharmacists’ objective risk perception, but pharmacists exposed to the fact box estimated the benefit-harm ratio more accurately than those exposed to the simulation. Both formats proved equally effective in adjusting pharmacists’ subjective risk perception toward a better recognition of opioids’ harms; however, pharmacists receiving the simulation showed a greater change in their actual counseling behavior and higher consistency between their intended and actual counseling than pharmacists receiving the fact box. Conclusion. The simulated experience format was less effective than the descriptive format in improving pharmacists’ objective risk perception, equally effective in motivating pharmacists to counsel patients on less risky treatment alternatives and more effective in changing the reported actual counseling behavior. Implications. These exploratory findings provide important insights into the relevance of the description-experience gap for drug safety and raise questions for future research regarding the specific mechanisms at work.

scholarly journals Perceived Risk of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Continental United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1562
Author(s):  
Saul Lozano ◽  
Jonathan Day ◽  
Lilyana Ortega ◽  
Maggie Silver ◽  
Roxanne Connelly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
News Media ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Use Of Resources

The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk compared to WNV transmission risk, by the public and vector control personnel. The risk perception of vector control was measured through purposive sampled interviews (24 interviews in 13 states; May 2020–June 2021), while the public’s perception was estimated from news publications (January 2000–December 2020), and Google searches (January 2004–December 2020). Over time, we observed a decrease in the frequency of press reporting and Google searches of both viruses with decreasing annual peaks in the summer. The highest peak of ZIKV news, and searches, surpassed that of WNV. We observed clear differences in the contents of the headlines for both viruses. We propose that the main reason in risk perception differences between the viruses were psychological. Zika infections (mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted) can result in devastating symptoms in fetuses and newborns, observations that frequently appeared in ZIKV-related headlines. Our results highlight the likely influence the news media has on risk perception and the need for public health agencies to play active roles in the conversation, helping disseminate timely and accurate information. Understanding the factors that shape risk perceptions of vector-borne diseases will hopefully lead to better use of resources by providing better guidance.

scholarly journals Adaptation, translation and reliability of the Australian ‘Juniors Enjoying Cricket Safely’ injury risk perception questionnaire for Sri Lanka

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanna J Gamage ◽  
Lauren V Fortington ◽  
Caroline F Finch
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

ObjectivesCricket is a very popular sport in Sri Lanka. In this setting there has been limited research; specifically, there is little knowledge of cricket injuries. To support future research possibilities, the aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt, translate and test the reliability of an Australian-developed questionnaire for the Sri Lankan context.MethodsThe Australian ‘Juniors Enjoying Cricket Safely’ (JECS-Aus) injury risk perception questionnaire was cross-culturally adapted to suit the Sri Lankan context and subsequently translated into the two main languages (Sinhala and Tamil) based on standard forward-back translation. The translated questionnaires were examined for content validity by two language schoolteachers. The questionnaires were completed twice, 2 weeks apart, by two groups of school cricketers (males) aged 11–15 years (Sinhala (n=24), Tamil (n=30)) to assess reliability. Test–retest scores were evaluated for agreement. Where responses were <100% agreement, Cohen’s kappa (κ) statistics were calculated. Questions with moderate-to-poor test–retest reliability (κ<0.6) were reconsidered for modification.ResultsBoth the Sinhala and Tamil questionnaires had 100% agreement for questions on demographic data, and 88%–100% agreement for questions on participation in cricket and injury history. Of the injury risk perception questions, 72% (Sinhala) and 90% (Tamil) questions showed a substantial (κ=0.61–0.8) and almost perfect (κ=0.81–1.0) test–retest agreement.ConclusionThe adapted and translated JECS-SL questionnaire demonstrated strong reliability. This is the first study to adapt the JECS-Aus questionnaire for use in a different population, providing an outcome measure for assessing injury risk perceptions in Sri Lankan junior cricketers.

scholarly journals Risk Perception of Air Pollution: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Cori ◽  
Gabriele Donzelli ◽  
Francesca Gorini ◽  
Fabrizio Bianchi ◽  
Olivia Curzio
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Time Series Studies ◽  
Meta Analyses

The adverse health effects of exposure to air pollutants, notably to particulate matter (PM), are well-known, as well as the association with measured or estimated concentration levels. The role of perception can be relevant in exploring effects and pollution control actions. The purpose of this study was to explore studies that analyse people’s perception, together with the measurement of air pollution, in order to elucidate the relationship between them. We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In March 2020, PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were explored in an attempt to search for studies published from 2000 to 2020. The review included 38 studies, most of which were conducted in China (n = 13) and the United States (n = 11) and published over the last four years (n = 26). Three studies were multicenter investigations, while five articles were based on a national-level survey. The air quality (AQ) was assessed by monitoring stations (n = 24) or dispersion models (n = 7). Many studies were population questionnaire-based, air monitoring and time-series studies, and web-based investigations. A direct association between exposure and perception emerged in 20 studies. This systematic review has shown that most of the studies establish a relationship between risk perception measurement. A broad spectrum of concepts and notions related to perception also emerged, which is undoubtedly an indicator of the wealth of available knowledge and is promising for future research.

scholarly journals The 100 most-cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases from 1955 to 2018: A bibliometric analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengqi LuoLuo ◽  
Chunmei Zhang ◽  
Yutang Ren ◽  
Wei Peng ◽  
Chunyu Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Colorectal Diseases ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Number Of Citations

Abstract Background: The number of times that an article was cited reflected its impact. In this study, we aimed to recognize and analyze the characteristics of the most frequently cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases. Methods: We identified the 100 highest cited articles using the terms ‘colorectal’ or ‘colon’ or ‘rectal’ or ‘IBD’ or ‘ulcerative colitis’ or ‘Crohn disease’ or ‘colonoscopy’ in Web of Science. Articles were analyzed to evaluate the characteristics including number of citations, country of origin, institutions of origin based on the first author affiliation, study type and others. Results: Of the top cited publications, the number of citations ranged from 1479 to 8834 with a mean of 2304.85 citations per article. The journal with the greatest number of most-cited articles was New England Journal of Medicine (n=23), followed by Science (n=13) and Nature (n=12). These papers were published in 14 different countries, of which more than half were from the United States (n=64). The most popular field was colorectal cancer (n=51), followed by colonic tumor (n=21). Most of the papers were basic science studies (n=44) and randomized controlled trials (n=29). Conclusion: Our study could provide a historical perspective on the scientific progress in the field of colorectal diseases, which would lay a firm foundation for future research.

scholarly journals POP4Teens: Results of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based program to prevent adolescent prescription opioid misuse (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Marsch ◽  
Sarah K. Moore ◽  
Michael Grabinski ◽  
Sarah E. Bessen ◽  
Jacob Borodovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Randomized Controlled

BACKGROUND Prescription opioid use is not uncommon among adolescents in the United States. Despite recent declines from unprecedented peaks in adolescent prescription opioid (PO) use, there is seemingly paradoxical evidence that prescription opioid-related consequences (e.g., opioid use disorder and overdoses) are increasing. These trends and their possible consequences emphasize the importance of prevention efforts targeting PO misuse. To our knowledge, we have developed the first interactive, web-based program focused specifically on prevention of PO misuse among adolescents. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based program designed to prevent adolescent prescription opioid (PO) misuse, Pop4Teens (P4T) compared to an active control website, Just Think Twice (JTT) on impacting PO-related attitudes, knowledge, risk perception and intentions to use. METHODS We conducted an online, randomized controlled trial in 2018. A total of 406 adolescents (aged 12-17) were randomly assigned to P4T or JTT. The outcome variables were attitudes, knowledge, and risk perceptions associated with PO misuse, intentions to use POs, and program feedback. Data were collected at baseline, 1-, 3-, and 6-months. RESULTS Both programs produced significant and sustained improvements on intentions to use POs, increased perceived risk, impacted expectancies consistent with prevention, and improved PO refusal skills. P4T produced significantly greater increases in PO-related knowledge compared to JTT and was reportedly easier to use and more liked. Baseline scores for youth reporting past-year medical use of POs, friends who engage in non-medical use of prescription opioids, and/or poor mental health underscored their at-risk status compared to youth who were not in those groups. CONCLUSIONS P4T positively impacted all study variables consistent with preventing PO misuse among teens. P4Ts online nature simplifies dissemination and implementation of this novel tool designed to help meet the challenges of the evolving national opioid crisis. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02737696; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02737696?term=marsch&rank=6

scholarly journals COVID-19 Risk Perception Among U.S. Adults: Changes from February to May 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amyn A Malik ◽  
SarahAnn M McFadden ◽  
Jad A Elharake ◽  
Obianuju Genevieve Aguolu ◽  
Mehr Shafiq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
The U.S

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to detrimentally impact the United States. Using a survey, we collected demographic and COVID-19 risk perception, behavior, knowledge, and attitude data from 672 adults across the U.S. in May 2020. These variables were compared with the results from a survey in February 2020. Participants who were older (55+ years; M = 6.3, SD = 2.0), identified as Native American/Alaska Native (M = 6.8, SD = 1.0) or Asian (M = 6.0, SD = 2.0), and those who had contracted (M = 6.8, SD = 2.0) or knew someone who had contracted COVID-19 (M = 6.2, SD = 1.7) reported higher perceived risk. Health behaviors, such as physical distancing, have shown to impact infectious disease trajectories. As the U.S. reopens its economy, public health officials and politicians must formulate culturally appropriate and evidence-based messaging and policies, based on the public's COVID-19 risk perceptions, to encourage preventive behaviors.

Risk Assessment and Risk Perception of Trees: A Review of Literature Relating to Arboriculture and Urban Forestry

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Klein ◽  
Andrew Koeser ◽  
Richard Hauer ◽  
Gail Hansen ◽  
Francisco Escobedo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management

In the presence of a target, tree failures have the potential to damage property, disrupt services, or threaten public safety. Worldwide, several qualitative methods have been developed to provide a systematic approach for tree risk assessment and management. The consistency and accuracy of these methods, the values placed on the tree in question and its potential targets, and the risk perceptions and levels of acceptance of the evaluator and tree owner all influence how risk is managed. This review explores the concept of risk, examines and contrasts the most commonly referenced tree risk assessment methods, and summarizes research on public perceptions of trees and the risk of trees and greenspaces in built environments. The review identifies general summarized themes and gaps in the available literature to guide future research.

Objective Risk Levels and Subjective Risk Perception

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Streufert ◽  
Eugene A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk
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