scholarly journals Staining patterns for the anti-horseradish peroxidase antibody reaction in proplasma cells developing in the medulla of rat popliteal lymph nodes during the secondary response.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Straus
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Microscopic Appearance ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Antibody Reaction ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes ◽  
The One

The development of plasma cells from lymphocytes was studied in the medulla of popliteal lymph nodes of rats during the secondary response to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Changes in the microscopic appearance of proplasma cells were compared with changes in the intensity of the anti-HRP antibody reaction in these cells. Early proplasma cells, appearing 2 to 3 days after the injection of HRP into the footpads, were relatively small cells similar in size to lymphocytes. Their small nuclei were eccentrically located due to the one-sided enlargement of the pyroninophilic cytoplasm. The reaction for the anti HRP antibody in these cells was weak or negative. Other proplasma cells located in the same medullary cord regions showed a more intense antibody reaction. This change was correlated, in many cases, with an enlargement of the nucleus, giving the cells a blast-like appearance. Three to 6 days after the reinjection of the antigen, the medullary cords contained many mature plasma cells characterized by an intense antibody reaction. The mature plasma cells were always accompanied by proplasma cells, the latter varying in microscopic appearance (stage of development) asd staining intensities (antibody contents). The staining intensities and the microscopic appearance of proplasma cells, and the proportion of proplasma cells to plasma cells, varied in different medullary cord regions of the same lymph nodes. The staining patterns, together with the microscopic appearance of the cells, seemed to show whether antibody formation was inhibited or stimulated.

scholarly journals LOCATION OF ANTIBODY TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN POPLITEAL LYMPH NODES OF RABBITS DURING THE PRIMARY AND EARLY SECONDARY RESPONSE

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER STRAUS
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Double Staining ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Medullary Cords

After a primary injection of horseradish peroxidase into the footpads of rabbits, the specific antibody reaction in popliteal lymph nodes was first seen in plasma cells of medullary cords and, later, in lymphoblasts of germinal centers in the cortex. During the late primary or early secondary response, the reaction also became positive in reticular cells and lymphocytes. Specific antibodies were also present in the intercellular spaces between lymphocytes (reticulum) in the lymphoid follicles and in globules distributed throughout the lymph node. Two weeks following a primary injection of the antigen, many plasma cells containing the specific antibody were located in proximity of macrophages and reticular cells. The phagolysosomes of many macrophages and reticular cells became antibody-positive at about the same time. Double staining procedures were developed by which the antigen and antibody and the antigen or antibody and acid phosphatase (lysosomes) could be visualized in the same tissue section.

scholarly journals LOCALIZATION OF THE ANTIGEN IN POPLITEAL LYMPH NODES OF RABBITS DURING THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER STRAUS
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Repeated Injection ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tissue Material

The localization of an antigen (horseradish peroxidase) in popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits was investigated in order to detect the possible interrelationship with the location of the specific antibody in the same tissue material. Staining procedures for peroxidase with benzidine, diaminobenzidine and 3-amino-9-ethyl-carbazole, as well as double staining procedures for the antigen and the antibody and for the antigen (or antibody) and acid phosphatase, were applied before and after adsorption of the antigen to sites of antibody in vitro. The appearance of the antigen in the cells lining the lymph sinuses, in reticular cells of medullary cords, in macrophages and in the "intercellular web" of lymphoid follicles was studied after a single and repeated injection of peroxidase, and the persistence of the antigen at these sites was observed. It was found that the localization of the antigen in the cortex and medulla of the lymph node was different depending on whether or not specific antibodies were present in the blood at the time of injection, and that at certain periods a considerable number of plasma cells and lymphoblasts contained the antigen together with the specific antibody.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the cytochemical reaction for the anti-horseradish peroxidase antibody in lymph tissue sections.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 645-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Straus
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Endogenous Peroxidase ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction ◽  
Cold Acetone ◽  
Antibody Reaction

Factors which increase the sensitivity and specificity of the cytochemical reaction for the antibody to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in precursors of plasma cells and in lymphocytes were studied in sections of popliteal lymph nodes of rats. The lymph nodes were removed 3-5 days after a secondary injection of HRP into the footpads and were fixed for 5 hr in a 4% cold formaldehyde solution (Straus W: Histochemistry 53:273, 1977). Brief postfixation of the frozen sections with cold acetone improved the retention of the antigen at the sites of the antibody in the precursor cells, and it improved the quality of fixation without appreciably weakening the antigen-binding capacity of the antibody. The cytochemical reaction for the anti-HRP antibody was intensified by staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and H2O2 at pH 5-6, or by staining at pH 7.4 in the presence of imidazole. Imidazole partially inhibited endogenous peroxidase activity. Pretreatment with phenylhydrazine prevented nonspecific background adsorption of HRP. Phenylhydrazine had the additional advantage of inhibiting most of the endogenous peroxidase activity (Straus W: J Histochem Cytochem 20:949, 1972). The intensity of the antibody reaction in the proplasma cells developing in the medullary cords varied greatly depending on the stage of maturation from lymphocytes and blast cells. Many lymphocytes in the cortex of the lymph node showed a strong perinuclear antibody reaction when the tissue sections were postfixed with cold acetone, and the peroxidase complexed to the antibody was visualized by staining with DAB and H2O2 at pH 5-6. The antibody reaction also occurred at the surgace of many lymphocytes when the tissue sections, postfixed with cold acetone, were stained with DAB and H2O2 at pH 7.4 in the presence of imidazole. Other lymphocytes showed a strong surface, perinuclear, and cytoplasmic antibody reaction after staining at pH 5-6 as well as after staining at pH 7.4, while yet other lymphocytes remained unstained.

scholarly journals RESISTANCE OF LONG-LIVED LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS IN RAT LYMPH NODES TO TREATMENT WITH PREDNISONE, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, 6-MERCAPTOPURINE, AND ACTINOMYCIN D

1967 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Miller ◽  
Leonard J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes

The cells of the popliteal lymph nodes of rats were labeled for 4 days after a secondary immunological stimulus. 31 days after the last dose of tritiated thymidine, groups of rats were started on courses of daily, intraperitoneal injections of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, or actinomycin D. The initially low doses of these agents were doubled in successive weeks until either lymphoid hypoplasia or death occurred. Rats from each group were killed weekly, and the percentages of persisting, labeled small lymphocytes in the popliteal nodes were determined. Sections of these nodes were examined for persisting, labeled plasma cells. The per cent of lymphocytes labeled increased while the total number of lymphocytes decreased during treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Prednisone decreased the numbers of long-lived plasma cells, but these cells were preferentially resistant to cyclophosphamide. Neither 6-mercaptopurine nor actinomycin D had an appreciable effect on lymphoid tissues histologically nor on the proportions of labeled, long-lived lymphocytes and plasma cells before causing the deaths of the rats receiving them. These results indicate that long-lived lymphocytes and plasma cells survive treatment with the immunolytic drugs studied, and that long-lived lymphocytes are specifically resistant to prednisone and cyclophosphamide. We believe these results have an application to the attempts to find drugs useful in the treatment of immunologic rejections of organ transplants, and for therapy of autoimmune diseases.

scholarly journals CYTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF SITES OF ANTIBODY TO HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN SPLEEN AND LYMPH NODES

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER STRAUS
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Repeated Injection ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Spleen And Lymph Nodes

After repeated injection of small amounts of horseradish peroxidase into the perivertebral muscle and footpads of rabbits, certain sites in spleen and popliteal lymph nodes showed intense adsorption of antigen (horseradish peroxidase) during treatment of fixed tissue sections in vitro. The reaction occurred in certain cells, probably plasma cells, and was also positive in the reticulum extending between lymphocytes. These sites were considered to contain antibodies against horseradish peroxidase, since sections from the same block, not treated with antigen in vitro, and corresponding sections from nonimmunized rabbits did not give a similar reaction. The blood sera of rabbits which showed specific binding of antigen in the spleen caused approximately 60% inhibition of horseradish peroxidase activity, but no inhibition was caused by the blood sera of nonimmunized control animals.

scholarly journals IMPROVED STAINING FOR PEROXIDASE WITH BENZIDINE AND IMPROVED DOUBLE STAINING IMMUNOPEROXIDASE PROCEDURES

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
WERNER STRAUS
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Double Staining ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction ◽  
Antigen Antibody

The sensitivity of the cytochemical reaction for peroxidase with benzidine and H2O2 could be much enhanced and a noncrystalline, blue-brown reaction product could be obtained by decreasing the concentration of ethanol (for dissolving benzidine) and by increasing the time and temperature of incubation. This method, together with a new method for the inactivation of residual (injected) peroxidase, were incorporated in double staining procedures for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and its antibody (antigen-antibody complexes) and in double staining procedures for the antibody to HRP and acid phosphatase activity. Double staining in contrasting colors was also applied to detect rabbit antibodies against two antigens (HRP and rat anti-HRP γ-globulin) in the same section of popliteal lymph nodes. It was found that the antibody against each antigen appeared in different plasma cells whether the rabbits were immunized against the two antigens separately or against both antigens together as antigen-antibody complexes. Certain technical problems arising in double staining procedures are discussed.

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Petr M. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

The Application of UX Research in New Energy Vehicle Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.

scholarly journals HETEROGENEITY OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Bosman ◽  
Joseph D. Feldman ◽  
Edgar Pick
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Cell suspensions from draining lymph nodes of immune and nonimmune rats were reacted in vitro with 125I-labeled antigens. In light microscopic radioautographs of smears, 17% of the immunized cells were tagged by specific antigen; 2.0% of control cells were positive. In electron microscopic radioautographs, 90% of the labeled elements from immune donors were lymphocytes, blast and plasma cells; 10% were monocytes-macrophages or other elements, including naked nuclei. 15% of the labeled cells from control materials were lymphocytes and plasma cells, while 85% were monocytes-macrophages and naked nuclei. Within cell suspensions derived from immunized animals there were almost twice as many lymphocytes marked by isotope as plasma cells, and the lymphocytes ranged in morphology from mature monoribosomal elements to immature polyribosomal cells. Antibody-forming cells fixed labeled antigen at their surfaces. The monocyte-macrophage class was distinguished by a high mean grain count and by distribution of grains within cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomes.

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