scholarly journals In situ hybridization analysis of anterior pituitary hormone gene expression during fetal mouse development.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1117-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Japón ◽  
M Rubinstein ◽  
M J Low
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Beta Subunit ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Glycoprotein Hormone ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

We used 35S-labeled oligonucleotides and cRNAs (riboprobes) to detect the temporal order and spatial pattern of anterior pituitary hormone gene expression in (B6CBF1 x B6CBF1)F2 fetal mice from embryonic Day 9.5 (E9.5) to postnatal Day 1 (P1). Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA was expressed in the basal diencephalon on Day E10.5, in the ventromedial zone of the pars distalis on Day E12.5, and in the pars intermedia on Day E14.5. The common alpha-glycoprotein subunit (alpha-GSU) mRNA first appeared in the anterior wall of Rathke's pouch on Day E11.5 and extended to the pars tuberalis and ventromedial zone of the pars distalis on Day E12.5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone-beta (TSH beta) subunit mRNA was expressed initially in both the pas tuberalis and ventromedial pars distalis on Day E14.5, with an identical spatial distribution to alpha-GSU at the time. In contrast, luteinizing hormone-beta (LH beta) subunit and follicle-stimulating hormone beta (FSH beta) subunit mRNAs were detected initially only in the ventromedial pars distalis on Days E16.5 and E17.5, respectively, in an identical distribution to each other. POMC-, alpha-GSU-, TSH beta, LH beta-, and FSH beta-positive cells within the pars distalis all increased in number and autoradiographic signal with differing degrees of spatial expansion posteriorly, laterally, and dorsally up to Day P1. POMC expression was typically the most intense and extended circumferentially to include the entire lateral and dorsal surfaces of the pars distalis. The expression of both growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) started coincidentally on Day E15.5. However PRL cells localized in the ventromedial area similarly to POMC and the glycoprotein hormone subunits, whereas GH cells were found initially in a more lateral and central distribution within the lobes of the pars distalis. Somatotrophs increased dramatically in number and autoradiographic signal, extending throughout the pars distalis except for the most peripheral layer of cells on Day E17.5. Mammotrophs also increased in number but less abundantly than somatotrophs, and PRL expression remained more confined to central-medial and ventrolateral areas of the pars distalis up to Day P1. These data demonstrate distinctive patterns of expression for each of the major anterior pituitary hormone genes during development of the mouse pituitary gland and suggest that different groups of committed cells are the immediate precursors to the terminally differentiated hormone-secreting cell types.

The Pituitary Gland: Embryology, Physiology, and Pathophysiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dorton
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Pars Tuberalis ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The pituitary gland, the “master gland” of the body, is composed of endocrine cells, which secrete hormones essential for homeostasis. The gland consists of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), two unique structures that differ anatomically and functionally.The neurohypophysis is innervated by nerve cells in the hypothalamus and forms the connection between it and the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus stimulates release and inhibition of pituitary hormones. The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.The adenohypophysis is composed of three structures: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars tuberalis. The anterior pituitary (pars distalis) is responsible for the release of hormones that include growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.Disorders of the pituitary are predominately those of insufficient hormone release and may have profound effects on the neonate. The potential causes of and clinical symptomatology that may accompany pituitary hormone insufficiency in the neonatal period are explored.

scholarly journals THE HYPOPHYSIS AND SECRETION OF INSULIN

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Houssay ◽  
V. G. Foglia ◽  
F. S. Smyth ◽  
C. T. Rietti ◽  
A. B. Houssay
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
High Blood Sugar ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone

The ability of the pancreas, from various types of dogs, to correct diabetic hyperglycemia has been studied (Table XI). The pancreas from one animal was united by a vascular union with the neck blood vessels of another dog which had been pancreatectomized for 20 hours. The time necessary to reduce the blood sugar level to 120 mg. per cent was determined. 1. Pancreas from 6 hypophysectomized dogs produced a normal insulin secretion, showing that an anterior pituitary hormone is not necessary for its production or maintenance. 2. In 14 of 17 normal dogs given anterior pituitary extract for 3 or more consecutive days and presenting diabetes (fasting blood sugar 150 mg. per cent or more) the pancreas showed diminished insulin production. 3. In animals which remained diabetic after discontinuing the injections of hypophyseal extract, the pancreas islands were markedly pathologic and the insulin secretion was practically nil. 4. When hyperglycemia existed on the 2nd to 5th day but fell later, the insulin secretion of 5 dogs was normal in 2, supernormal in 1, and less than normal in 2. Histologic examination showed a restoration of beta cells. 5. In 14 dogs resistant to the diabetogenic action of anterior pituitary extract, as shown by little or no change in blood sugar, the pancreatic secretion of insulin was normal in 6 cases, supernormal in 3, and subnormal in 5 cases. Clear signs of hyperfunction of B cells were observed. In 6 resistant animals a high blood sugar (150 mg. per cent) appeared shortly before transplanting, but insulin secretion was normal in 4, supernormal in 1, and subnormal in 1 case. 6. With one injection of extract and 1 day of hyperglycemia the capacity of the pancreas to secrete insulin was not altered. 7. A high blood sugar level lasting 4 days does not alter the islets. The hypophyseal extract acts, therefore, by some other mechanism. In normal dogs, the continuous intravenous infusion of glucose for 4 days maintained the blood sugar at levels as high as those after pituitary extract. In these animals the B cells were hyperplastic and insulin secretion normal. 8. Anterior hypophyseal hyperglycemia is due at first to extrapancreatic factors which are the most important, and last only during the injections of extracts. Pancreatic factors appear afterwards and are responsible for permanent diabetes. Hypophyseal extract produces histological changes in many tissues and damages the Langerhans islands. The coexistent high blood sugar probably exhausts the B cells and exaggerates their injury. 9. In all cases there is a relation between the cytology of the islet B cells and the insulin secreting capacity.

scholarly journals Paediatric Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Disease: Long-Term Sequelae in the Hypothalamic Endocrine System

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Elisa Vaiani ◽  
Guido Felizzia ◽  
Fabiana Lubieniecki ◽  
Jorge Braier ◽  
Alicia Belgorosky
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder of the mononuclear phagocyte system that can affect almost any organ and system. The most common central nervous system (CNS) manifestation in LCH is the infiltration of the hypothalamic-pituitary region leading to destruction and neurodegeneration of CNS tissue. The latter causes the most frequent endocrinological manifestation, that is, central diabetes insipidus (CDI), and less often anterior pituitary hormone deficiency (APD). The reported incidence of CDI is estimated between 11.5 and 24% and is considered a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease and APD. Three risk factors for development of CDI are recognized in the majority of the studies: (1) multisystem disease, (2) the occurrence of reactivations or active disease for a prolonged period, and (3) the presence of craniofacial bone lesions. Since CDI may occur as the first manifestation of LCH, differential diagnosis of malignant diseases like germ cell tumours must be made. APD is almost always associated with CDI and can appear several years after the diagnosis of CDI. Growth hormone is the most commonly affected anterior pituitary hormone. Despite significant advances in the knowledge of LCH in recent years, little progress has been made in preventing long-term sequelae such as those affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

Anterior Pituitary Hormone Abnormalities following Traumatic Brain Injury

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 937-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Schneider ◽  
Harald Jörn Schneider ◽  
Günter Karl Stalla
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone
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