Study of natural aging of industrial low density polyethylene by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Oil-based mud (OBM) waste from the oil and gas exploration industry can be valorised to tailor-made reclaimed clay-reinforced low-density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites. This study aims to fill the information gap in the literature and to provide opportunities to explore the effective recovery and recycling techniques of the resources present in the OBM waste stream. Elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray fluorescence analysis, chemical structural analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and morphological analysis of LDPE/organo-modified montmorillonite (LDPE/MMT) and LDPE/OBM slurry nanocomposites by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been conducted. Further analysis including calorimetry, thermogravimetry, spectroscopy, microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out to evaluate the thermo-chemical characteristics of OBM waste and OBM clay-reinforced LDPE nanocomposites, confirming the presence of different clay minerals including inorganic salts in OBM slurry powder. The microscopic analysis revealed that the distance between polymer matrix and OBM slurry filler is less than that of MMT, which suggests better interfacial adhesion of OBM slurry compared with the adhesion between MMT and LDPE matrix. This was also confirmed by XRD analysis, which showed the superior delamination structure OBM slurry compared with the structure of MMT. There is a trend noticeable for both of these fillers that the nanocomposites with higher percentage filler contents (7.5 and 10.0 wt% in this case) were indicated to act as a thermal conductive material. The heat capacity values of nanocomposites decreased about 33% in LDPE with 7.5 wt% MMT and about 17% in LDPE with 10.0 wt% OBM slurry. It was also noted, for both nanocomposites, that the residue remaining after 1000°C increases with the incremental wt% of fillers in the nanocomposites. There is a big difference in residue amount (in %) left after thermogravimetric analysis in the two nanocomposites, indicating that OBM slurry may have significant influence in decomposing LDPE matrix; this might be an interesting area to explore in the future. The results provide insight and opportunity to manufacture waste-derived renewable nanocomposites with enhanced structural and thermal properties.

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One-Step Reinforcement and Deacidification of Paper Documents: Application of Lewis Base—Chitosan Nanoparticle Coatings and Analytical Characterization

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10121226 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1226

Author(s):

Zhihui Jia ◽

Chun Yang ◽

Fangnan Zhao ◽

Xiaolian Chao ◽

Yuhu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Interaction Mechanism ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Natural Aging ◽

Lewis Base ◽

X Ray ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticle ◽

One Step

To delay acidification and deterioration during natural aging, deacidification and reinforcement of paper manuscripts have been the most important technologies to prolong the life of objects. Herein, a novel approach for the conservation of paper manuscripts is proposed using chitosan nanoparticles as Lewis base that leads to both deacidification and strengthening of paper in one-step. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared through physical ball grinding method and characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size analyzer (LPSA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and atomic force microscope (AFM). To evaluate the resistance of chitosan nanoparticle coating, the mechanical properties of paper after artificial aging were evaluated using dry heat and hygrothermal accelerated aging methods. The SEM, EDX, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the interaction mechanism between chitosan and Shuxuan paper. The results show that the coated paper had superior durability with respect to pH, tensile strength, and folding endurance. There was a presence of protonated amines in the form of ammonium salts due to ionic bindings with free H+ in the acidified paper, and the remaining –NH2 could be used as a base reserve. Finally, the resulting coated papers displayed good antibacterial properties.

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Nonisothermal crystallisation, melting behavior and wide angle X-ray scattering investigations on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blends: effects of compatibilisation and dynamic crosslinking

European Polymer Journal ◽

10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.10.016 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 1410-1419 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

K.A. Moly ◽

H.J. Radusch ◽

R. Androsh ◽

S.S. Bhagawan ◽

S. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Melting Behavior ◽

Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Low Density ◽

Wide Angle ◽

Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Ray Scattering

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Three-Phase Characterization of Uniaxially Stretched Linear Low-Density Polyethylene

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2011/731708 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Blerina Kolgjini ◽

Gustaaf Schoukens ◽

Paul Kiekens

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectra ◽

Draw Ratio ◽

Phase Morphology ◽

Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Low Density ◽

Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Structure Variation ◽

X Ray ◽

Three Phase ◽

Cold Draw

This study comprises a detailed morphological study of cold-drawn polyethylene monofilaments by Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray measurements. The structure of the three-phase morphology of the linear low-density polyethylene monofilaments was investigated by combining these measurements. It was found that the most important structure variation was found in the intermediate or rigid amorphous phase, whereby the amounts of crystalline and amorphous phases were nearly constant and almost independent of the cold-draw ratio. The intermediate third phase contains gauche and transmolecules, and the amount of transmolecules was increased with the cold-draw ratio and was directly related to this cold-draw ratio. It was found that the two peaks in the Raman spectra, respectively, at 1303 and 1295 cm-1, can be correlated to the amount of gauche and transmolecules in the polyethylene monofilaments. A good and new insight into the three-phase morphology was obtained by combining the DSC and X-ray measurements with the amounts of trans- and gauche molecules from the Raman spectra analysis.

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