Risk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40–49 years (vs. age 20–29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50–59 years (vs. age 20–29 years, 10.25, 2.40–43.82), living within poverty index 1–1.9 (vs. poverty index > = 2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index > = 2, 2.55; 1.11–5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51–6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72–18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06–16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61–6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10 and 17, 2.09; 1.01–4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.

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Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

10.21203/rs.2.22230/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Cai ◽

Zheng Dai ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Ruchi Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

High School Education ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Methamphetamine Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background: The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses (BBVs) including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine.Methods: People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either tested positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the sample weight WTMEC2YR by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with BBV using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: There were 943 participants representing approximately 10,149,002 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.3 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 6.61, 95% CI 1.37 - 31.90), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.89; 1.33 – 6.31), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.64; 1.21 – 5.77), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.38; 1.65 – 6.91), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 7.81; 2.54 – 24.03), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.98; 1.20 – 20.68), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.57; 1.81 – 7.03), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.26; 1.03 – 4.97).Conclusions: Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substance, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.

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Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

10.21203/rs.2.22230/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Cai ◽

Zheng Dai ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Ruchi Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

High School Education ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Methamphetamine Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40-49 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, 10.25, 2.40-43.82), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.11 – 5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51 – 6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72 – 18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06 – 16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61 – 6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.09; 1.01 – 4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood-borne infections.

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Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

10.21203/rs.2.22230/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Cai ◽

Zheng Dai ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Ruchi Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

High School Education ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Methamphetamine Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40-49 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, 10.25, 2.40-43.82), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.11 – 5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51 – 6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72 – 18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06 – 16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61 – 6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.09; 1.01 – 4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood-borne infections.

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Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

10.21203/rs.2.22230/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Cai ◽

Zheng Dai ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Ruchi Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

High School Education ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Methamphetamine Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background: The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods: People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40-49 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, 10.25, 2.40-43.82), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.11 – 5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51 – 6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72 – 18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06 – 16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61 – 6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.09; 1.01 – 4.35). Conclusions: Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood-borne infections.

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Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

10.21203/rs.2.22230/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yilin Cai ◽

Zheng Dai ◽

Sijin Wen ◽

Ruchi Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Economic Status ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Methamphetamine Use ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Polysubstance Use ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the U.S. poly-drug use landscape. Infections of blood-borne virus including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, arising from methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with blood-borne infections from HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods Methamphetamine users were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts from 2007 to 2016. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, number of times drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics and socio-economic status with blood-borne infections using bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions. Results There were 1,075 participants representing approximately 11,319,270 methamphetamine users in the U.S. with prevalence of blood-borne infections 13.4 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 50-59 years (adjusted odds ratio 6.32, 95% CI 1.35-29.69), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (2.80; 1.33 – 5.88), living below the poverty threshold (2.46; 1.14 – 5.28), having lower than high school education (3.57; 1.74 – 7.33), identified as men who have sex with men (MSM) (54.24; 13.80 – 213.24), using methamphetamine with other substances (5.86; 1.50 – 22.87), injection drug use (3.77; 1.93 – 7.36), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (2.18; 1.05 – 4.54). Conclusions Polysubstance use, injection drug use, and MSM were strongly associated with increased risk of blood-borne infections among methamphetamine users.

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Risk Factors Associated With Higher Injection Drug Use And HIV Rates: Findings From Saskatchewan, Canada

Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research ◽

10.4172/2155-6113.s1-009 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 01 (S1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Moraros ◽

Jacey Falconer

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Factors Associated

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The Cedar Project: risk factors for transition to injection drug use among young, urban Aboriginal people

Canadian Medical Association Journal ◽

10.1503/cmaj.101257 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 183 (10) ◽

pp. 1147-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

C. L. Miller ◽

M. E. Pearce ◽

A. Moniruzzaman ◽

V. Thomas ◽

C. W. Christian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Aboriginal People ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Project Risk

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Risk Factors for the Transition from Noninjection to Injection Drug Use and Accompanying AIDS Risk Behavior in a Cohort of Drug Users

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116962 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 139 (12) ◽

pp. 1153-1163 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

E. J. C. van Ameijden ◽

J. A. R. van den Hoek ◽

C. Hartgers ◽

R. A. Coutinho

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drug Use ◽

Risk Behavior ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Drug Users ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Aids Risk ◽

Aids Risk Behavior

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A Vulnerability Assessment for a Future HIV Outbreak Associated With Injection Drug Use in Illinois, 2017–2018

Frontiers in Sociology ◽

10.3389/fsoc.2021.652672 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Cara Jane Bergo ◽

Jennifer R. Epstein ◽

Stacey Hoferka ◽

Marynia Aniela Kolak ◽

Mai T. Pho

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Drug Use ◽

Injection Drug Use ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Cook County ◽

Injection Drug ◽

County Level ◽

Opioid Use ◽

Zip Code

The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons <40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.

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