Diverse experts’ perspectives on ethical issues of using machine learning to predict HIV/AIDS risk in sub-Saharan Africa: a modified Delphi study

ObjectiveTo better understand diverse experts’ views about the ethical implications of ongoing research funded by the National Institutes of Health that uses machine learning to predict HIV/AIDS risk in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) based on publicly available Demographic and Health Surveys data.DesignThree rounds of semi-structured surveys in an online expert panel using a modified Delphi approach.ParticipantsExperts in informatics, African public health and HIV/AIDS and bioethics were invited to participate.MeasuresPerceived importance of or agreement about relevance of ethical issues on 5-point unipolar Likert scales. Qualitative data analysis identified emergent themes related to ethical issues and development of an ethical framework and recommendations for open-ended questions.ResultsOf the 35 invited experts, 22 participated in the online expert panel (63%). Emergent themes were the inclusion of African researchers in all aspects of study design, analysis and dissemination to identify and address local contextual issues, as well as engagement of communities. Experts focused on engagement with health and science professionals to address risks, benefits and communication of findings. Respondents prioritised the mitigation of stigma to research participants but recognised trade-offs between privacy and the need to disseminate findings to realise public health benefits. Strategies for responsible communication of results were suggested, including careful word choice in presentation of results and limited dissemination to need-to-know stakeholders such as public health planners.ConclusionExperts identified ethical issues specific to the African context and to research on sensitive, publicly available data and strategies for addressing these issues. These findings can be used to inform an ethical implementation framework with research stage-specific recommendations on how to use publicly available data for machine learning-based predictive analytics to predict HIV/AIDS risk in SSA.

HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS ON HIV/AIDS INFECTION AMONG MAN HAVING SEX WITH MAN (MSM) IN THAI NGUYEN CITY, 2020

Objective: To describe the situation and some related factors of HIV/AIDS risk behaviors amongmen who have sex with men (MSM) at Thai Nguyen city in 2020.Subjects and methods: The descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted among 72 MSMs from15 years old, who were living at Thai Nguyen city.Results: The percentage of objects who didn’t use condom during anal sex was 37,5%. There were65,3% of MSM who haven’t used PrEP. Regression analyse showed that condomless anal sex insingle group was higher than in married group (p=0,041). The percentage of HIV infection in a singlegroup was 16,2%.Conclusion: The percentage of safe sexual behaviors (condom, PrEP) was low among MSM at ThaiNguyen city. There was a relationship between marriage status and condom use in the MSM group.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan tentang Narkoba dan HIV/AIDS di Pondok Pesantren Al Hidayah Borowatu, Sukoharjo

Perilaku sebagian remaja yang mengabaikan nilai-nilai kaidah dan norma yang berlaku di masyarakat menjadi salah satu penyebab maraknya penggunaan narkoba dikalangan generasi muda. Penyalahgunaan narkoba dengan cara disuntikkan bisa berakibat seseorang menderita HIV/AIDS, kondisi ini merupakan kondisi yang sangat berbahaya, mengingat penyakit ini belum bisa disembuhkan. Salah satu faktor penyebab penyalahgunaan narkoba adalah kurangnya pengetahuan tentang narkoba dan HIV/AIDS, santri yang berasal dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia, dengan budaya dan pengetahuan yang bervariasi, dan rata rata pengetahuan masih rendah, untuk itu perlu diberikan pengetahuan pada remaja khususnya santri agar tidak menyalahgunakan narkoba dan menjauhi perilaku beresiko HIV/AIDS seperti penggunaan narkoba suntik dan sex bebas. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan santri agar berperilaku sehat dengan menjauhi narkoba dan agar terhindar dari HIV/AIDS. Kegiatan diawali studi pendahuluan, yang dilakukan saat kunjungan pertama dengan membagikan kuesioner. Tahap kedua berkoordinasi dengan pengurus pondok pesantren untuk menentukan waktu� pelaksanaan penyuluhan, selanjutnya� pelaksaan penyuluhan. Memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang penyalahgunaan narkoba dan pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Ada 3 fase pada proses penyuluhan, yaitu fase orientas/perkenalan, fase kerja dan fase terminasi/evaluasi. Penyuluhan kesehatan telah berhasil dilaksanakan, para santri sangat berantusias dan memahami materi yang telah disampaikan terbukti para santri mampu menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan oleh pemateri. Penyuluhan kesehatan mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan para santri terkait penyalahgunaan narkoba dan pencegahan HIV/AIDS.dibuktikan sebelum diberikan penyuluhan skor mean 4,95 dan mean setelah diberikan penyuluhan mean kor pengetahuan 6,73, terjadi peningkatan skor pengetahuan 1,67. Penyuluhan kesehatan kepada para santri terbukti mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan santri tentang penyalahgunaan narkoba dan pencegahan HIV/AIDS yaitu terjadinya mean skor� pengetahuan 1,67.�The behavior of some adolescents who ignore the norms and norms prevailing in society is one of the causes of rampant drug use among the younger generation. Drug abuse by injection can result in a person suffering from HIV / AIDS, this condition is a very dangerous condition, considering that this disease cannot be cured. One of the factors causing drug abuse is a lack of knowledge about drugs and HIV / AIDS, therefore it is necessary to provide knowledge to adolescents, especially students, so that they do not abuse drugs and stay away from HIV / AIDS risk behaviors such as injecting drug use and free sex. This activity is aimed to increase the knowledge of students to behave in a healthy manner by avoiding drugs and avoiding HIV / AIDS. It was done by providing health education about drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention. There are 3 phases in the counseling process, namely the orientation phase / introduction, the work phase and the termination / evaluation phase. It was found that health education has been successfully carried out, the students are very enthusiastic and understand the material that has been delivered is proven to be able to answer questions raised by the speakers. Health education can increase the knowledge of students related to drug abuse and prevention of HIV / AIDS. Health education to students is proven to increase students' knowledge about drug abuse and HIV / AIDS prevention.

Clinical profile of COVID-19 patients: A review of diagnostic aids and clinical profile of COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus which originated in the province Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is the causative agent of COVID-19, an infection mainly presenting as mild upper respiratory tract infection, with patients presenting with fever, cough, breathlessness and fatigue. The virus predominantly spreads by a person to person contact, which is why it has spread very rapidly in a short span of time, so much so, that multiple countries are affected at present. The number of casualties is ever increasing. Even though our understanding of the novel coronavirus is improving, many countries, including India, are facing a situation which is not getting better with respect to controlling the pandemic. The number of new cases and deaths are ever increasing. There is a general state of panic among all the sections of the society and almost all are affected. With the number of tests being carried out every day, also increasing, a general idea about the signs and symptoms of the disease as well as the diagnostic criterion aids will further help us control the pandemic. This narrative review focuses on the clinical symptoms, diagnostic aids, risk factors, common clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and complications of COVID-19 and also on post COVID 19 Complications.

Pro Domo Sua: Narratives of Sexual Abstinence

Sexual abstinence is generally interpreted as a health-promotion practice, in particular to avoid HIV/AIDS risk and unwanted pregnancy and parenthood. This paper offers insight into narratives and interactional fantasizing that challenge common conceptions of sexual abstinence. The data come from several interviews and group discussions conducted in a netnographic context, altogether involving 21 European, middle‐ and upper‐middle‐class women who have never engaged in sexual intercourse or who are sexually experienced but have discontinued sexual practices for some reason. The women’s narratives and interactional fantasizing about sexual abstinence can reveal positive societal effects such as opposing sexualisation of culture and pressure for sex, but also more individual perspectives such as promoting self-esteem, psycho-physical well-being, work productivity and career prospects. Narratives and interactional fantasizing seem to play an important role in examining how sexual abstinence can impact society, especially people’s perception of sexuality and gender roles.

The Role of Forsis LSM (Fort De Kock Society in Social) for Reach The Risk Groups of HIV / AIDS (Case Study: LGBT And Penasun Group�s in The City of Padang)

One of the existing NGOs is FORSIS which is engaged in the grouping of HIV / AIDS risk groups to cope with the spread of HIV / AIDS in the city of Padang. The purpose of this study is to describe how the role of FORSIS in outreach groups at risk of HIV / AIDS in the city of Padang. The approach used in this research is a qualitative descriptive researcher, a technique used for data collection in interviews, observations, and document studies. In addition to the selection of informants is purposive sampling, which consists of informants who are considered to know about the role of FORSIS in outreach groups at risk of HIV / AIDS. The subjects in this research are Padang city community that is the board of FORSIS, LGBT group, caretaker of soul conscience, and LGBT with HIV. The results of this study are to describe the role of FORSIS in outreach groups at risk of HIV / AIDS. Prior to outreach there was a process planned for outreach. This NGO plays a role in improving community knowledge through socialization, then invites VCT to know the status of self so that can cope with the spread of viruses and NGOs also do cooperation with NGOs taratak soul heart to accompany PLWHA. It can be concluded that this FORSIS NGO plays an important role in providing counselling, inviting VCT and working with specific NGOs to assist in the prevention and transmission of HIV / AIDS.