scholarly journals An experience of mass administration of fractional dose inactivated polio vaccine through intradermal needle-free injectors in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Farooq Bullo ◽  
Jaishri Mehraj ◽  
Syed Musa Raza ◽  
Shumaila Rasool ◽  
Noreen Naz Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Social Mobilization ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Full Dose ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Fractional Dose ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) campaign was conducted in February 2019 in Karachi where needle-free injectors were introduced for the administration of the fractional dose of IPV (fIPV) on a large scale. This study aimed to determine the impact of needle-free injectors on vaccination coverage. Methods In four towns of Karachi, fIPV was given using needle-free injectors “PharmaJet Tropis ID”. Whereas, in six towns full dose of IPV was administered to children of 4–59 months of age. Cluster surveys through rapid convenience assessment method were conducted after the completion of vaccination activity. Results A total of 33,815 households’ data was analyzed. Among these, 27,650 (82.8%) children were vaccinated. In fIPV areas, 85.3% of children were vaccinated compared to 79.5% in full dose IPV areas. A comparison of reasons for unvaccinated showed that 1.6% of parents do not give importance to vaccination in fIPV areas compared to 4.2% in full IPV areas (p-value < 0.0001). More children were not vaccinated due to fear of injection 1.8% in full IPV areas compared to 0.7% in fIPV areas (p-value < 0.0001). The source of campaign information shows that more frequent mobile miking 3.1% was observed in fIPV areas compared to 0.4% in full IPV areas (p-value < 0.0001). Conclusions Our analysis supports the fractional dose of IPV in mass campaigns to achieve good vaccination coverage especially using needle-free injectors “PharmaJet Tropis ID” and vigorous social mobilization activities are expedient in accomplishing high coverage.

Intradermal fractional dose inactivated polio vaccine: A review of the literature

Vaccine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine S. Nelson ◽  
Julia M. Janssen ◽  
Stephanie B. Troy ◽  
Yvonne Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Fractional Dose

scholarly journals Varicella vaccination as useful strategy for reducing the risk of varicella-related hospitalizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Marrella ◽  
A Casuccio ◽  
E Amodio ◽  
F Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Joint Point ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The present study summarizes evidences of the impact of varicella vaccination (VV) on hospitalization rates attributable to this infectious disease in Italy. Methods We have carried out a retrospective observational study that analysed hospital discharge records and VV coverage at 24 months collected from 2003 to 2018 by the Italian Health Ministry. All hospitalizations with the presence of an ICD-9 CM 059.X code in the principal diagnosis or in any of the five secondary diagnoses were considered as related to varicella. The hospitalization rate reduction was evaluated by calculating average annual percent change (AAPC) through joint-point analysis. Results Hospitalization rates showed a decreasing risk by age: children aged &lt;1 year were the most affected age group in each region (42.56/100,000 per year), whereas lower incidence rates were found in older age groups (23.76/100,000 in 1 to 5 years age group and &lt;4/100,000 in the following groups). Varicella hospitalization rates decreased significantly after the introduction of VV (3.42 vs. 2.67 per 100,000; P &lt; 0.001). During the first five years after vaccination introduction hospitalization rates showed a statistically significant decrease especially for infants aged &lt;1 year (AAPC -34.98%; p &lt; 0.001) and 1 to 5 years old (AAPC -35.22%; P &lt; 0.01). VV coverage was strongly correlated with hospitalization rates decrease over each paediatric age group (R-squared 0.38 in aged &lt;1 year, p &lt; 0.001; 0.71 in 1 to 5 years old, p &lt; 0.001; 0.93 in 6 to 14 years old, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions All the previously reported findings confirm that hospitalization rates are strictly related to both the number of years since vaccination introduction and the vaccination coverage. VV confirms to be an important step in public health strategies and the introduction of universal vaccination, with high vaccination coverage, should be considered as an extremely powerful tool for reducing the risk of complications. Key messages This study adds update findings to the literature and shows that varicella hospitalizations in Italy, from 2003 to 2018, have reduced their burden, that was high in years before varicella vaccination. Varicella vaccination introduction and high coverage are powerful tools for reducing the risk of varicella complications and related hospitalizations in the general population.

scholarly journals The potential impact of delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the context of limited vaccination coverage and increasing social mixing in Bogotá, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido España ◽  
Zulma M Cucunubá ◽  
Juliana Cuervo-Rojas ◽  
Hernando Díaz ◽  
Manuel González-Mayorga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Fourth Wave ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Background: More than 122,000 COVID-19 associated deaths have been reported in Colombia and about 27,000 in the city of Bogotá by the first week of August, with vaccination coverage in the city at 30% for complete schemes and at 37% for partial vaccination. As the incidence of cases currently decreases, questions remain about the potential impact of the delta variant already present in the city. Methods: We used an agent-based model calibrated to data on age-structured deaths and dominance of variants in Bogotá. We used efficacy data for the portfolio of vaccines available, including known changes for SARS-CoV-2 variants. We modelled scenarios of early and delayed introduction of the delta variant in the city along with changes in mobility and social contact, and vaccine strategies over the next months. Findings: We estimate that by mid July, vaccination may have already prevented 17,800 (95% CrI: 16,000 - 19,000) deaths in Bogotá. The delta variant could become dominant and lead to a fourth wave later in the year, but its timing will depend on the date of introduction, social mixing patterns, and vaccination strategy. In all scenarios, higher social mixing is associated with a fourth wave of considerable magnitude. If an early delta introduction occurred (dominance by mid July), a new wave may occur in August/September and in such case, age prioritization of vaccination and second dose not postponed are more important. However, if introduction occurred one or two months later (dominance by mid August/September) the age-prioritization is less relevant but maintaining the dose scheme without postponement is more important. In all scenarios we found that increasing the vaccination rate from the current average of 50,000/day to 100,000/day reduces the impact of a fourth wave due to the delta variant. Conclusions: In Bogotá, the delta variant could still lead to a fourth wave, whose magnitude would depend on its introduction time and the level of social mixing. Its impact can be mitigated by increasing vaccination rates to achieve high coverage quickly, with non-delayed second doses. We found that, at this point, suspending the age prioritization to achieve higher coverage with first doses does not seem to have a major effect on deaths and ICU demand. But, delaying the second dose may not be beneficial and may even increase the incidence of severe outcomes.

scholarly journals Population policies, government programs, and fertility: A comparison between Brazil and Mexico

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Joseph E Potter
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Population Policies ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Title in Spanish: Políticas de población, programas gubernamentales y fecundidad: Una comparación entre el Brasil y MéxicoAbstract: The Government of Mexico implemented family planning programmes beginning in the 1970s, unlike the Brazilian Government, which has implemented no population policies. This article estimates the impact of those policies on trends in fertility among women in various segments of society, using statistical models which incorporate municipal and individual variables. Both rich and poor states were considered in both Brazil and Mexico, using census data, information from civil registries, and health and demographic surveys. Differences in fertility by socio-economic group are sharper in the Brazilian states than in the Mexican ones. The poorest Brazilian states also show marked differences, but to a lesser degree than poor Mexican states because the latter show high percentages of home births, and as a result women have limited access to family planning programmes. The study concludes that family planning policies reduce the differences in fertility among women of different socio-economic groups. Furthermore, those policies would be more effective if women in the poor Mexican states also had easy access to public hospitals and clinics. The high coverage of hospital births in Brazil appears to counteract the absence of large-scale state programmes, particularly in the poorest states.Resumen: El gobierno mexicano puso en práctica programas de planificación familiar desde los años setenta, en contraposición al gobierno brasileño que no ha implementado políticas de población. En este artículo se estima la influencia de dichas políticas en las tendencias de fecundidad de mujeres de diferentes segmentos sociales, con modelos estadísticos que incorporan variables municipales e individuales. Se analizaron estados pobres y ricos, tanto del Brasil como de México, usando datos de censos, estadísticas del registro civil y encuestas de salud y demografía. Las diferencias de fecundidad por grupo socioeconómico son más acentuadas en los estados brasileños que en los mexicanos. Los estados brasileños más pobres también presentan diferencias marcadas, pero en menor grado que los estados mexicanos pobres porque en estos, un alto porcentaje de partos ocurre en los hogares, debido a lo cual se limita la accesibilidad de las mujeres a los programas de planificación familiar. Se concluye que las políticas de planificación familiar disminuyen las diferencias de fecundidad entre mujeres de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Más aún, estas políticas serían más eficaces si las mujeres de estados mexicanos pobres también tuvieran fácil acceso a hospitales y clínicas públicos. La gran cobertura del parto en hospitales en el Brasil parece contrarrestar la ausencia de programas gubernamentales de gran alcance, sobre todo en los estados más pobres.

scholarly journals Environmental assessment of the estimated dredging volumes on the Ob River

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022042
Author(s):  
Y Bik ◽  
M Buchelnikov ◽  
V Kofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Large River ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Environmental Load ◽  
Novosibirsk Reservoir ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The object of the study is the impact of dredging in the Ob riverbed on individual components of the environment, in particular, ichthyofauna. The volumes of transit and capital dredging in the river channel on the crossing sections that are difficult for navigation have been determined and substantiated. To calculate the damage, a method to determine the loss of ichthyofauna was used, taking into account the death of benthic and planktonic organisms in turbidity plumes and on the bottom areas subjected to development by dredgers and buried under dumped fills. It has been established that the greatest losses of ichthyomass will occur in the sections of the Upper Ob (up to the Novosibirsk reservoir) and the Middle Ob (up to the mouth of the Tom River), which is explained by the presence of numerous crossovers that impede navigation and require constant dredging. In the Lower Ob, the negative impact on benthos, plankton and ichthyofauna will be insignificant due to the small number of small crossovers. The volumes of dredging in the fairway required to maintain guaranteed depths and dimensions have a certain environmental load, the level of which is not critical for the ecosystems of a large river. However, when creating large-scale capital bypass channels, it can increase sharply in certain years. By reducing the load, a stable shipping lane can be created and the frequency of dredging operations at each of the crossover sections can be reduced. The advantages and disadvantages of the used damage assessment method are noted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document