Environmental assessment of the estimated dredging volumes on the Ob River

The object of the study is the impact of dredging in the Ob riverbed on individual components of the environment, in particular, ichthyofauna. The volumes of transit and capital dredging in the river channel on the crossing sections that are difficult for navigation have been determined and substantiated. To calculate the damage, a method to determine the loss of ichthyofauna was used, taking into account the death of benthic and planktonic organisms in turbidity plumes and on the bottom areas subjected to development by dredgers and buried under dumped fills. It has been established that the greatest losses of ichthyomass will occur in the sections of the Upper Ob (up to the Novosibirsk reservoir) and the Middle Ob (up to the mouth of the Tom River), which is explained by the presence of numerous crossovers that impede navigation and require constant dredging. In the Lower Ob, the negative impact on benthos, plankton and ichthyofauna will be insignificant due to the small number of small crossovers. The volumes of dredging in the fairway required to maintain guaranteed depths and dimensions have a certain environmental load, the level of which is not critical for the ecosystems of a large river. However, when creating large-scale capital bypass channels, it can increase sharply in certain years. By reducing the load, a stable shipping lane can be created and the frequency of dredging operations at each of the crossover sections can be reduced. The advantages and disadvantages of the used damage assessment method are noted.

Dynamics of processing of the Novosibirsk reservoir banks

Development of territories from ancient times implied the presence of the most important component of life for all mankind: water. Man has always used the attractiveness of coastal living, which is associated not only with aesthetic perception, but also with production needs and quality standard of living. Thus, with the increase in human needs for water, the development of energy, transport, agricultural infrastructure, and the development of territories on the banks of rivers, lakes and seas increased. The creation of hydroelectric power plants became a powerful impetus in the development of energy in the XX century. Some of them were built as a result of the complex construction of a hydroelectric complex on flat rivers. After the creation of large reservoirs, the reformation of the shores invariably takes place. The city of Novosibirsk is the third largest city in Russia and it is quite natural that every year there is a population growth associated with the migration of residents from the nearby regions, Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, and the northern regions of our country. The purpose of this work is to assess the current state of the banks of the Novosibirsk Reservoir and to predict shoreline reshaping. As a result of the work performed, data were obtained on the reformation of the coastline and the coastal destruction. The analysis was carried out at intervals of 50 years. The obtained materials are used and can be used to coordinate the placement of construction objects, allocation of land and preservation of land in the used territory, allotted for any type of use.

Modeling of the spatial distribution of the components for the ecosystem of the Novosibirsk reservoir

The object of the study is the ecosystem of the largest in Western Siberia — the Novosibirsk reservoir. The aim of the study is forecast the response of hydrobiocenosis on the implementation of different methods for the aquatic ecosystem restoration. Novelty: structural-dynamics modeling of ecological processes based on the reproduction of biogeochemical cycles of limiting elements in the conditions of spatial heterogeneity for the reservoir is performed. A preliminary conclusion is formulating about the main role of autochthonous processes in the eutrophication of the Novosibirsk reservoir. A comparative assessment of the influence for three variants of washing the reservoir with a flood wave on the annual variability of the phytoplankton content and nitrate concentration in three characteristic parts of the Novosibirsk reservoir was carried out.

Mass Mortality of Invasive Snails: Impact of Nutrient Release on Littoral Water Quality

Mollusks are the macroinvertebrates most commonly introduced into fresh water. In invaded reservoirs, alien mollusks form a large biomass due to their large size. Climate change, water level regulation, and anthropogenic impacts on the environment lead to the drying up of water bodies and the death of littoral macroinvertebrates. To assess the impact of invasive snail mass mortality on water quality, laboratory experiments on the snail tissue decomposition were performed, the potential release of nutrients into aquatic ecosystems was calculated, and the predicted concentrations of nutrients were verified by field studies. The laboratory experiment showed quick decomposition of the common river snail Viviparus viviparus tissues with release into the environment of ammonium and total phosphorus of 2.72 ± 0.14 mg and 0.10 ± 0.02 mg, respectively, per gram of decomposing tissue. The concentrations of ammonium, nitrates, and total phosphorus at the site of snail death reached 2.70 ± 0.10, 3.13 ± 0.38 and 0.30 ± 0.02 mg/L, respectively. This indicates local contamination of the Novosibirsk reservoir littoral with decomposition products. The aquatic management, water level regulation, and control of undesirable species should take into account the likelihood of water quality decreasing as a result of macroinvertebrate mass mortality.

THE PROBLEM OF BERDSKY BAY OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK RESERVOIR IN RELATION TO OPISTHORCHIDOSES

We studied the epidemic situation of opisthorchiasis in the population of Berdsk, and determined the level of infection of fish of the family Cyprinidae by larvae of opisthorchides in Berdsky Bay, as well as the abundance of the first intermediate host of the parasite, the mollusks of the family Bithyniidae in the water body. It is found that Berdsky Bay is generally unfavorable for opisthorchiasis. The incidence of opisthorchiasis in people in Berdsk was recorded annually; the average long-term incidence rate was 89.85 per 100 thousand of population with a minimum of 21.4 in 1991 and a maximum of 188.5 in 2002. The level of infection of cyprinid fish with metacercarias of opisthorchides is quite high (33.3%).The epidemic danger is posed by fish infected with larvae of Opisthorchis felineus (the prevalence 31.7%) and Metorchis bilis (the prevalence 3.3%). The ide, dace and verkhovka represent a high potential danger in infecting the population with opisthorchiasis and are indicators of the adverse situation with the reservoir as regards the invasion. In the water area of Berdsky Bay, we identified new actively functioning foci of opisthorchis invasion located in the Lebedevskaya and Elbanskaya streams, as well as in the mouth of the Sukhaya River where not only infected fish were recorded, but also the number of the first intermediate host of opisthorchides, the mollusks of the family Bithyniidae (Bithynia troscheli and B. tentaculata), is quite high.

Manganese accumulation in females and males in muscle tissue and scales of Sander lucioperca of the Novosibirsk Reservoir

Studies on the accumulation of manganese in females and males in the scales and muscle tissue of the Sander lucioperca of the Novosibirsk Reservoir were carried out. Analyzes were taken in a A.M. Nikolaev analytical laboratory of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS. The pike perch were divided by gender. Then 34 samples of scales and muscle tissue were taken from them. The manganese content was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry on a Thermo Scientific iCAP-6500 spectrometer. High variability of manganese accumulation in females and males in scales and muscle tissue was revealed. It was found that the concentration of manganese in females scales was 7.7 times higher than in muscle tissue, and in males - 15.7 times. There were no significant differences in manganese content between the genders. The ratio of extreme variants of scales in females and males was 1: 5 and 1: 6, and in muscle tissue - 1: 35 and 1: 30, respectively. The average values of the concentration of manganese in the muscles of the Sander lucioperca of the Novosibirsk reservoir were determined. Differences in the deposition of manganese in muscle tissue in females and males of Sander lucioperca were revealed. The concentration of manganese in the muscles of females was 2 times higher than that of males. The results obtained on the accumulation of manganese in scales and muscle tissue can be used as reference values. The level of metal concentration is characterized by an uneven distribution in the muscles and scales of Sander lucioperca. The research results are suitable for a lifetime assessment of the Sander lucioperca interior. An average positive correlation was found between manganese in females with absolute length and body weight (r = 0.329 and r = 0.311). It was found that the amount of manganese and other heavy metals in the Novosibirsk reservoir is increasing.

Hydrological paradoxes of phytoplankton distribution in the Novosibirsk reservoir

<p>The ecosystem of the Novosibirsk reservoir - the largest in West Siberia, is the object of this research aimed at studying the mechanisms of water quality formation, which differs in various parts of the reservoir. The research novelty is in simulation of ecological processes occurring in various water areas and in the reservoir as a whole through reproduction of biogeochemical cycles of limiting elements.</p><p>The city of Novosibirsk is the administrative center of the Siberian Federal District, which occupies more than 25% of the territory of Russia. The Novosibirsk reservoir is major source of water supply in Novosibirsk. Still, some features of its water quality formation have been poorly explained.</p><p>For instance, it is believed that relatively shallow and low flow sites of water bodies are most susceptible to eutrophication. In such places, water warms up better and phytoplankton biomass is much higher. In the central part of the reservoir, depth at the left bank is much less than that at the right one, through which most riverbed flow passes (from the Ob river to the dam). However, according to long-term observations, in every August, phytoplankton biomass at the right bank is several times higher than at the left one.</p><p>One more paradox may be considered. Phytoplankton biomass in the surface water layer during the open water period is usually much abundant than at depth characterized by worse penetration of solar radiation. Nevertheless, in the studied period (August 1981), we observed the inverse ratio when phytoplankton biomass at depth significantly exceeded that in the surface layer.</p><p>For better understanding these phenomenon, a comparative assessment of mechanisms of in-water processes was performed through applying 3D simulation methods and reproducing the cycles of biogenic elements transformation.</p><p>Due to simulation and its results analysis, we revealed the following:</p><ul><li>the peculiarities of water exchange influenced by stable wind currents in August-September bring to phytoplankton biomass excess at depth near the right bank in contrast to relatively shallow water area near the left one of the Novosibirsk reservoir;</li> <li>“locking” by thermocline and subsequent fluctuations in vertical water exchange lead to abundant phytoplankton biomass in the water column as compared to the surface layer near the dam.</li> </ul><p>Thus, simulation demonstrates that the above mentioned paradoxes of phytoplankton development in the Novosibirsk reservoir are induced by specific hydrothermal processes.</p><p>The study importance goes beyond only giving insight into the causes of interesting natural phenomena. A detailed analysis of simulation results enables to explain nontrivial features of spatially distributed dynamic ecological processes. The possibilities of forecasting the reservoir ecosystem response to changes in different factors associated with varying external effects have been expanded. To mitigate negative impacts of eutrophication, you can change flow patterns at appropriate times, for example, by selecting a suitable operating mode of a hydro-station. The study demonstrates that contaminated water outflow from some water areas may be executed by directional energy use of natural phenomena.</p>

Zinc and copper accumulation in zander scales in the Novosibirsk reservoir

One of the most important environmental issues is the pollution of water basins with chemicals, in particular with heavy metals, which do not dissolve in water, and pass through the food chain into the body of aquatic organisms, and then the final consumer, humans. The features of the content of copper and zinc, their variability in the scales of pike perch (Sander lucioperca) of the Novosibirsk reservoir were studied. 33 samples of scales were taken for analysis. The concentration of the studied metals was measured applying the atomic emission spectral method with inductively coupled plasma on an iCAP-6500 spectrometer from Thermo Scientific. A high phenotypic variability in the concentration of copper and zinc in pike perch scales was found. It was revealed that the concentration of copper in the scales of the pike perch of the Novosibirsk reservoir is 1.8 times lower than in the muscles, and the content of zinc is 4.8 times higher. The extreme ratio for copper was 1:24, for zinc 1:6. The content of zinc and copper was in a ratio of 48:1. The average population values of the concentration level of copper (1.69 mg / kg) and zinc (93.3 mg / kg) in the scales of the pike perch of the Novosibirsk reservoir were established. A high level of positive correlation (r = 0.859) was revealed between essential elements. The obtained data on the level of copper and zinc concentration in scales can be used as reference values. The distribution of heavy metals in zander scales is uneven. Expansion of parameters for assessing living organisms by chemical composition enables to assess more accurately the interior of animals. The data obtained can be used for intravital assessment of the interior of zander and in environmental studies. There is a tendency towards an increase in the level of heavy metals in the water body of the Novosibirsk Reservoir.

A new approach to aquatic ecosystem monitoring of the Ob river

An integrated approach to aquatic ecosystem monitoring is being developed for the Ob river. The novelty of the approach is in transition to high-performance computing (HPC) under processing of remote sensing data and modeling of aquatic ecosystem degradation. Classes of optically complex surface waters of the Gulf of the Kara Sea – the Ob Bay are studied on the basis of the fuzzy cluster analysis of water objects emission. A ten-year dynamics of concentrations of optically active substances was estimated using the neural network simulation. The application of the structural-dynamic model allowed explaining the long-term trend in the development of the ecosystem of the Novosibirsk reservoir, the largest one in the Ob river basin.