scholarly journals Anterior reduction and C1-ring osteosynthesis with Jefferson-fracture reduction plate (JeRP) via transoral approach for unstable atlas fractures

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Tu ◽  
Hu Chen ◽  
Zhan Li ◽  
Yuyue Chen ◽  
Aihong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transoral Approach ◽  
Fracture Reduction ◽  
Unstable Fracture ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Jefferson Fracture ◽  
Primary Indication ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
Atlas Fractures

Abstract Background To introduce a novel transoral instrumentation in the treatment of unstable fractures of the atlas. Methods From January 2008 to May 2018, 22 patients with unstable C1 fractures who received Jefferson-fracture reduction plate (JeRP) via transoral approach were retrospectively analyzed. The case history and the radiographs before and after surgery were noted. The type of fracture, the reduction of the fracture, and position of the internal fixation were assessed through preoperative and postoperative CT scans. Results All 22 patients successfully underwent anterior C1-ring osteosynthesis using the JeRP system, with a follow-up of 26.84 ± 9.23 months. Among them, 9 patients had transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) injury, including 3 in Dickman type I and 6 in type II. The preoperative lateral mass displacement (LMD) decreased from 7.13 ± 1.46 mm to 1.02 ± 0.65 mm after the operation. Bone union was achieved in all patients without implant failure or loss of reduction. There were no surgery-related complications, such as wound infection, neurological deficit, or vertebral artery injury. However, atlantoaxial dislocation occurred in 3 patients with Dickman type I TAL injury 3 months postoperatively without any neurological symptoms or neck pain. Conclusions Transoral C1-ring osteosynthesis with JeRP is an effective surgical strategy to treat unstable atlas fractures with a safe, direct, and satisfactory reduction. The primary indication for the JeRP system is an unstable fracture (Gehweiler type I/III) or/ and TAL injury (Dickman type II).

scholarly journals Anterior Reduction and C1-ring Osteosynthesis With Jefferson-fracture Reduction Plate (JeRP) via Transoral Approach for Unstable Atlas Fractures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Tu ◽  
Hu Chen ◽  
Zhan Li ◽  
Yuyue Chen ◽  
Aihong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transoral Approach ◽  
Fracture Reduction ◽  
Unstable Fracture ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Jefferson Fracture ◽  
Primary Indication ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
Atlas Fractures

Abstract Objective:To introduce a novel transoral instrumentation in the treatment of unstable fractures of atlas.Methods: From January 2008 to May 2018, 22 patients with unstable C1 fractures were retrospective analyzed, who received Jefferson-fracture reduction plate (JeRP) via transoral approach. The case history and the radiographs before and after surgery were noted. The type of fracture, the reduction of the fracture and position of the internal fixation were assessed by preoperative and postoperative CT scans.RESULTS: All 22 patients successfully underwent anterior C1-ring osteosynthesis using JeRP system, with a follow-up of 26.84±9.23 months. Among them, 9 patients had transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) injury, including 3 in Dickman type I and 6 in type II. The preoperative lateral mass displacement (LMD) decreased from 7.13±7.08 mm to 1.02±0.65 mm after operation. Bone union was achieved in all patients without implant failure or loss of reduction. There were no surgery-related complications, such as wound infection, neurological deficit, or vertebral artery injury. However, 3 patients with Dickman type I TAL injury occured atlantoaxial dislocation 3 months postoperatively without any neurological symptoms or neck pain.CONCLUSIONS: Transoral C1-ring osteosynthesis with JeRP is an effective surgical strategy of unstable atlas fractures, achieving direct and satisfactory reduction safely. The primary indication for JeRP system is an unstable fracture (Gehweiler type I/III) or/ and TAL injury (Dickman type II).

scholarly journals Two Types of Interannual Variability of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset Related to the SST Anomalies before and after 1993/94

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (19) ◽  
pp. 6957-6971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boqi Liu ◽  
Congwen Zhu ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Kang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
South China ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Level

Abstract An advance in the timing of the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) during the period 1980–2014 can be detected after 1993/94. In the present study, the interannual variability of the SCSSM onset is classified into two types for the periods before and after 1993/94, based on their different characteristics of vertical coupling between the upper- and lower-tropospheric circulation and the differences in their related sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). On the interannual time scale, type-I SCSSM onset is characterized by anomalous low-level circulation over the northern SCS during 1980–93, whereas type-II SCSSM onset is associated with anomalies of upper-level circulation in the tropics during 1994–2014. The upper-tropospheric thermodynamic field and circulation structures over the SCS are distinct between the two types of SCSSM onset, and this investigation shows the importance of the role played by the spring SSTAs in the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) and that of ENSO events in type-I and type-II SCSSM onset, respectively. In the early episode, the warming SIO SSTAs can induce an anomalous low-level anticyclone over the northern SCS that affects local monsoonal convection and rainfall over land to its north, demonstrating a high sensitivity of subtropical systems in type-I SCSSM onset. However, in type-II SCSSM onset during the later episode, the winter warm ENSO events and subsequent warming in the tropical Indian Ocean can influence the SCSSM onset by modulating the spring tropical temperature and upper-level pumping effect over the SCS.

Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Serge Barold
Keyword(s):  
P Wave ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Av Block ◽  
Ventricular Extrasystoles ◽  
Av Conduction ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Second Degree

The diagnosis of first-degree and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is straightforward but that of second-degree AV block is more involved. Type I block and type II second-degree AV block are electrocardiographic patterns that refer to the behaviour of the PR intervals (in sinus rhythm) in sequences (with at least two consecutive conducted PR intervals) where a single P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles. Type I second-degree AV block describes visible, differing, and generally decremental AV conduction. Type II second-degree AV block describes what appears to be an all-or-none conduction without visible changes in the AV conduction time before and after the blocked impulse. The diagnosis of type II block requires a stable sinus rate, an important criterion because a vagal surge (generally benign) can cause simultaneous sinus slowing and AV nodal block, which can resemble type II block. The diagnosis of type II block cannot be established if the first post-block P wave is followed by a shortened PR interval or by an undiscernible P wave. A narrow QRS type I block is almost always AV nodal, whereas a type I block with bundle branch block barring acute myocardial infarction is infranodal in 60–70% of cases. All correctly defined type II blocks are infranodal. A 2:1 AV block cannot be classified in terms of type I or type II block, but it can be AV nodal or infranodal. Concealed His bundle or ventricular extrasystoles may mimic both type I or type II block (pseudo-AV block), or both

Energy metabolism in single human muscle fibers during contraction without and with epinephrine infusion

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (5) ◽  
pp. E713-E718 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenhaff ◽  
J. M. Ren ◽  
K. Soderlund ◽  
E. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type I Fibers ◽  
Type Ii Fibers ◽  
Femoris Muscle

The concentrations of glycogen, ATP, and phosphocreatine were analyzed in types I and II muscle fibers separated from biopsy samples of the quadriceps femoris muscle in five healthy volunteers. Muscle samples were obtained before and after 64 s of intermittent electrical stimulation. The experiment was carried out without and with epinephrine (Epi) infusion. Before stimulation the glycogen concentration was 11% higher in type II than in type I fibers (P less than 0.05). During electrical stimulation, rapid glycogenolysis occurred in type II fibers with hardly any detectable glycogenolysis in type I fibers. The calculated rates of glycogenolysis were 0.18 +/- 0.14 and 3.54 +/- 0.53 mmol glucose.kg dry muscle-1.s-1 in types I and II fibers, respectively. Epi infusion increased the rate of glycogenolysis during electrical stimulation in type I fibers (10-fold) but did not enhance the rate in type II fibers (P greater than 0.05). It is considered that, during short-term maximal muscle contraction, rapid muscle glycogenolysis occurs predominantly in type II fibers even though types I and II fibers are recruited and that, when Epi stimulation of glycogenolysis occurs, this is predominantly limited to type I fibers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of hepatic CYP2D1 activity and hepatic clearance in type I and type II diabetic rat models, before and after treatment with insulin and metformin

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Neyshaburinezhad ◽  
Maryam Seidabadi ◽  
Mohammadreza Rouini ◽  
Hoda Lavasani ◽  
Alireza Foroumadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PRODUCTS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Finland ◽  
W. D. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products. The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types. A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types. A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree. Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.

Serum. Levels of Dihydroneopterin and Soluble Cytokine Receptors in Major Depression

Pteridines ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Kazunori Kusunoki ◽  
Norio Ozaki ◽  
Makoto Sawada ◽  
Tetsuya Sato ◽  
Shigeki Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Interleukin 6 Receptor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The serum levels of dihydroneopterin (NH2), soluble interleukin -6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF-R) type I and type II were measured in 18 patients with major depression before and after drug treatment and in age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The NH2 and sTNF-R type II levels were significantly higher both in untreated and treated patients when compared to the controls. The sTNF-R type I levels were significantly lower in untreated depressed patients than the controls and significantly increased after drug treatment when compared to those prior to treatment.

Contractile adaptations in the human triceps surae after isometric exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2725-2732 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Alway ◽  
J. D. MacDougall ◽  
D. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Volume Density ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Contraction Time ◽  
Twitch Contraction ◽  
Human Triceps Surae ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type Ii Fibers

Ultrastructural and twitch contractile characteristics of the human triceps surae were determined in seven healthy but very sedentary subjects before and after 16 wk of unilateral isometric training at 100% maximal voluntary contraction. After training, twitch contraction time decreased by approximately 20%. One-half relaxation time, peak twitch torque, and percent fiber type in any of the muscles of the triceps surae complex were not changed by training. Type I and type II fiber areas increased in the soleus by approximately 30%, but only type II fibers showed an increased in area in the lateral gastrocnemius (40%). Despite such changes in fiber area, the volume density of the sarcoplasmic reticulum-transverse tubular (SR) network averaged 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 5.9 +/- 0.9% in type I and type II fibers, respectively, before and after training in the two heads of the gastrocnemius. Type I SR fraction increased to 3.5 +/- 1.2% after training in the soleus; however, correlations were not significant between the change in the volume density of SR and the change in twitch contraction time (R = 0.46, P = 0.45) or the change in one-half relaxation time (R = -0.68, P = 0.08). The results demonstrate that isometric training at 100% maximal voluntary contraction induced changes in twitch contraction time that were not directly related to changes in the volume density of SR in fibers of the triceps surae.

The effect of ACTH stimulation on plasma steroids in two patients with congenital hypoaldosteronism and in their relatives

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. S. Drop ◽  
I. M. E. Frohn-Mulder ◽  
H. K. A. Visser ◽  
W. G. Sippell ◽  
H. G. Dörr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Oxidase Deficiency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plasma Steroids ◽  
Deficiency Type

Abstract. In two children with isolated congential hyperreninaemic hypoaldosteronism, as well as in their relatives, plasma levels of aldosterone (Aldo), corticosterone (B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-OH-B and 18-OH-DOC were measured before and after an iv bolus of 0.25 mg Synacthen® (Ciba). A corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type II was demonstrated in one child. Her normoreninaemic parents (no consanguinity) had plasma values consistent with heterozygosity. The results in the other child and one asymptomatic sib were compatible with a partial corticosterone methyl oxidase deficiency type I. His parents were consanguine but had normal Aldo levels. Overnight dexamethasone administration did not suppress any of the steroids measured except cortisol, suggesting synthesis of these steroids by the zona glomerulosa.

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