scholarly journals SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PRODUCTS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Finland ◽  
W. D. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products. The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types. A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types. A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree. Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.

scholarly journals IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A TYPICAL (S-PRODUCING) AND A DEGRADED (NON-S-PRODUCING) STRAIN OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emidio L. Gaspari ◽  
William L. Fleming ◽  
James M. Neill
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Immunological Properties ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Specialized Function

The loss of the specialized function of S production by Type II pneumococcus was accompanied by a loss of the antigenic properties involved in both active and passive protection of mice. Absorption of Type II serum with S-producing pneumococci removed all the protective antibodies, as well as the type-specific agglutinins and S precipitins. The same absorption treatment of the serum by non-S-producing pneumococci failed entirely to remove the type-specific antibodies and did not affect the protective value of the serum. Absorption with bacteria-free culture fluids containing the reactive carbohydrate removed the protective antibodies as completely as absorption with the whole bacterial cells of type-specific strains. The results taken as a whole indicate that the antibodies involved in the usual protection of mice against Type II pneumococci are closely related, if not identical, to the specific anticarbohydrate precipitin.

scholarly journals Two Types of Interannual Variability of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset Related to the SST Anomalies before and after 1993/94

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (19) ◽  
pp. 6957-6971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boqi Liu ◽  
Congwen Zhu ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Kang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
South China ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Level

Abstract An advance in the timing of the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) during the period 1980–2014 can be detected after 1993/94. In the present study, the interannual variability of the SCSSM onset is classified into two types for the periods before and after 1993/94, based on their different characteristics of vertical coupling between the upper- and lower-tropospheric circulation and the differences in their related sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). On the interannual time scale, type-I SCSSM onset is characterized by anomalous low-level circulation over the northern SCS during 1980–93, whereas type-II SCSSM onset is associated with anomalies of upper-level circulation in the tropics during 1994–2014. The upper-tropospheric thermodynamic field and circulation structures over the SCS are distinct between the two types of SCSSM onset, and this investigation shows the importance of the role played by the spring SSTAs in the southern Indian Ocean (SIO) and that of ENSO events in type-I and type-II SCSSM onset, respectively. In the early episode, the warming SIO SSTAs can induce an anomalous low-level anticyclone over the northern SCS that affects local monsoonal convection and rainfall over land to its north, demonstrating a high sensitivity of subtropical systems in type-I SCSSM onset. However, in type-II SCSSM onset during the later episode, the winter warm ENSO events and subsequent warming in the tropical Indian Ocean can influence the SCSSM onset by modulating the spring tropical temperature and upper-level pumping effect over the SCS.

Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Serge Barold
Keyword(s):  
P Wave ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Av Block ◽  
Ventricular Extrasystoles ◽  
Av Conduction ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Second Degree

The diagnosis of first-degree and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is straightforward but that of second-degree AV block is more involved. Type I block and type II second-degree AV block are electrocardiographic patterns that refer to the behaviour of the PR intervals (in sinus rhythm) in sequences (with at least two consecutive conducted PR intervals) where a single P wave fails to conduct to the ventricles. Type I second-degree AV block describes visible, differing, and generally decremental AV conduction. Type II second-degree AV block describes what appears to be an all-or-none conduction without visible changes in the AV conduction time before and after the blocked impulse. The diagnosis of type II block requires a stable sinus rate, an important criterion because a vagal surge (generally benign) can cause simultaneous sinus slowing and AV nodal block, which can resemble type II block. The diagnosis of type II block cannot be established if the first post-block P wave is followed by a shortened PR interval or by an undiscernible P wave. A narrow QRS type I block is almost always AV nodal, whereas a type I block with bundle branch block barring acute myocardial infarction is infranodal in 60–70% of cases. All correctly defined type II blocks are infranodal. A 2:1 AV block cannot be classified in terms of type I or type II block, but it can be AV nodal or infranodal. Concealed His bundle or ventricular extrasystoles may mimic both type I or type II block (pseudo-AV block), or both

Energy metabolism in single human muscle fibers during contraction without and with epinephrine infusion

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (5) ◽  
pp. E713-E718 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenhaff ◽  
J. M. Ren ◽  
K. Soderlund ◽  
E. Hultman
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type I Fibers ◽  
Type Ii Fibers ◽  
Femoris Muscle

The concentrations of glycogen, ATP, and phosphocreatine were analyzed in types I and II muscle fibers separated from biopsy samples of the quadriceps femoris muscle in five healthy volunteers. Muscle samples were obtained before and after 64 s of intermittent electrical stimulation. The experiment was carried out without and with epinephrine (Epi) infusion. Before stimulation the glycogen concentration was 11% higher in type II than in type I fibers (P less than 0.05). During electrical stimulation, rapid glycogenolysis occurred in type II fibers with hardly any detectable glycogenolysis in type I fibers. The calculated rates of glycogenolysis were 0.18 +/- 0.14 and 3.54 +/- 0.53 mmol glucose.kg dry muscle-1.s-1 in types I and II fibers, respectively. Epi infusion increased the rate of glycogenolysis during electrical stimulation in type I fibers (10-fold) but did not enhance the rate in type II fibers (P greater than 0.05). It is considered that, during short-term maximal muscle contraction, rapid muscle glycogenolysis occurs predominantly in type II fibers even though types I and II fibers are recruited and that, when Epi stimulation of glycogenolysis occurs, this is predominantly limited to type I fibers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of hepatic CYP2D1 activity and hepatic clearance in type I and type II diabetic rat models, before and after treatment with insulin and metformin

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Neyshaburinezhad ◽  
Maryam Seidabadi ◽  
Mohammadreza Rouini ◽  
Hoda Lavasani ◽  
Alireza Foroumadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Rake
Keyword(s):  
Carrier State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serological Reaction ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Atypical Strains

The investigation of this isolated epidemic of meningococcus meningitis at a C.C.C. camp gave an opportunity to examine the carrier state in contacts carrying what were presumably virulent epidemic strains of organisms. With the aid of Miller's technique for the enhancement of the demonstrable virulence of meningococci for mice, it proved possible to test the virulence of the carrier strains from Camp Rusk. These results were consistent despite the interval of from 3 to 4 weeks which intervened between the isolation of the strains and the virulence titrations. Type I strains were found to have a high virulence, while the virulence of Type II strains was moderately high but definitely less than that of the Type I, and atypical strains and strains of N. catarrhalis isolated from carriers showed a very low virulence. The question of the precise nature of the carrier state was investigated. No evidence has been obtained yet as to the existence of a relationship between pharyngitis, coryza or upper respiratory disease and the presence and degree of the carrier state. This is unlike the situation with regard to pneumococcus carriers. On the other hand, it has proved possible to demonstrate reactions within the body to the meningococci in the nasopharynx, consisting of the formation of agglutinins and protective antibodies in the blood serum. 32.3 per cent of Type I and 60 per cent of Type II carrier sera showed moderate or good agglutinins for homologous organisms and 80 per cent of Type I and 40 per cent of Type II sera showed moderate or good protective antibodies against virulent homologous strains. No idea could be obtained as to the relationship of the presence or absence and the degree of serological reaction and the duration of the carrier state.

scholarly journals CRYSTALLINE PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTIBODY

1949 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Northrop ◽  
Walther F. Goebel
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serum Globulin ◽  
Saturated Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Diphtheria Antitoxin ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide

1. The immune precipitate formed by antipneumococcus horse serum and the specific polysaccharide is not hydrolyzed by trypsin as is the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin complex, and purified pneumococcus antibody cannot be isolated by the method used for the isolation and crystallization of diphtheria antitoxin. 2. Type I pneumococcus antibody, completely precipitable by Type I polysaccharide, may be obtained from immune horse serum globulin by precipitation of the inert proteins with acid potassium phthalate. 3. The antibody obtained in this way may be fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate into three main parts. One is insoluble in neutral salts but soluble from pH 4.5 to 3.0 and from pH 9.5 to 10.5. This is the largest fraction. A second fraction is soluble in 0.05 to 0.2 saturated ammonium sulfate and the third fraction is soluble in 0.2 saturated ammonium sulfate and precipitated by 0.35 saturated ammonium sulfate. The second fraction can be further separated by precipitation with 0.17 saturated ammonium sulfate to yield a small amount of protein which is soluble in 0.17 saturated ammonium sulfate but insoluble in 0.25 saturated ammonium sulfate. This fraction crystallizes in poorly formed, rounded rosettes. 4. The crystallization does not improve the purity of the antibody and is accompanied by the formation of an insoluble protein as in the case of diphtheria antitoxin. 5. None of the fractions obtained is even approximately homogeneous as determined by solubility measurements. 6. Purified antibody has also been obtained by dissociating the antigen-antibody complex. 7. The protective value of the fractions is quite different; that of the dissociated antibody being the highest and that of the insoluble fraction, the lowest. 8. All the fractions are immunologically specific since they do not precipitate with Type II polysaccharide nor protect against Type II pneumococci. 9. All the fractions give a positive precipitin reaction with antihorse rabbit serum. The dissociated antibody gives the least reaction. 10. Comparison of the various fractions, either by their solubility in salt solution or through immunological reactions, indicates that there are a large number of proteins present in immune horse serum, all of which precipitate with the specific polysaccharide but which have very different protective values, different reactions with antihorse rabbit serum, and different solubility in salt solutions.

Serum. Levels of Dihydroneopterin and Soluble Cytokine Receptors in Major Depression

Pteridines ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Kazunori Kusunoki ◽  
Norio Ozaki ◽  
Makoto Sawada ◽  
Tetsuya Sato ◽  
Shigeki Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Interleukin 6 Receptor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The serum levels of dihydroneopterin (NH2), soluble interleukin -6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF-R) type I and type II were measured in 18 patients with major depression before and after drug treatment and in age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The NH2 and sTNF-R type II levels were significantly higher both in untreated and treated patients when compared to the controls. The sTNF-R type I levels were significantly lower in untreated depressed patients than the controls and significantly increased after drug treatment when compared to those prior to treatment.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES IN THE COURSE OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Finland ◽  
W. D. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Cutaneous Reactions ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Almost All

1. A group of 41 non-serum treated patients with Type I, II or III pneumococcus pneumonia were studied during their disease and convalescence with respect to their skin reactions to specific pneumococcus polysaccharides and, in most instances, for the presence of circulating agglutinins and protective antibodies for all these 3 types. 2. One-half of the Type I and two-thirds of the Type II and Type III recovered cases gave the typical immediate "wheal and erythema" response to the homologous polysaccharide at or about the time of recovery. All cases tested showed protective antibodies and almost all showed agglutinins for the homologous pneumococcus. In the fatal cases, in general, positive cutaneous reactions and circulating antibodies were not obtained. 3. In cases of pneumonia receiving repeated cutaneous inoculations with various types of specific polysaccharide, antibodies for pneumococci differing from the infecting type but corresponding to the types of carbohydrate injected were present 1 week or later after such injections. These heterologous antibodies were most frequently demonstrated for Type II and were probably the result of immunization by means of the cutaneous injections. 4. Positive skin responses to homologous polysaccharides and corresponding circulating antibodies were demonstrated with similar frequency in the first 3 weeks after crisis in patients who had not previously received intracutaneous injections. In such patients heterologous antibodies were rarely found. 5. Typical skin reactions with the specific pneumococcus polysaccharides and mouse protective antibodies were demonstrated independently in a number of hospital patients who had had no recent history of pneumonia. 6. Some patients with demonstrable foci of persistent infection or with latent infections which later proved fatal showed positive cutaneous responses to the homologous type polysaccharide and circulating specific antibodies for the corresponding type. 7. The agglutination test, though less sensitive than the mouse protection test for determining the presence of antibody, has many advantages over the latter and is simplest to use in following the course of the untreated pneumonia.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS REACTIONS AND CIRCULATING ANTIBODIES IN THE COURSE OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Finland ◽  
W. D. Sutliff
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Cutaneous Reactions ◽  
Circulating Antibodies

1. Characteristic cutaneous responses to the type-specific protein-free carbohydrates of both Type I and Type II pneumococci have been "produced" in cases of lobar pneumonia due to either of these types by the intravenous injection of concentrated bivalent (Types I and II) antipneumococcic sera (Felton). 2. A positive cutaneous response to the specific polysaccharide of Type II pneumococci has been passively transferred from human cases convalescing from this infection to a patient suffering from pneumonia due to this organism. 3. The cutaneous responses to the type-specific polysaccharides and circulating antibodies were studied in 51 cases of lobar pneumonia. Positive cutaneous reactions were, in most instances, associated with recovery, even when purulent complications were present. Failure to elicit a positive reaction was usually followed by a fatal outcome. 4. The positive reactions in patients who were treated with concentrated sera and recovered were most often elicited within 24 hours after the first dose and after a total of 40 cc. had been given. 5. The positive skin reactions obtained after the administration of specific antisera were associated with the presence of mouse protective antibodies and agglutinins in the sera of the patients. 6. The immune reactions in serum treated cases receiving repeated inoculations with the specific carbohydrates disappeared more rapidly than in similar cases receiving no antiserum. It is suggested that the administration of antisera in someway interferes with the production of antibodies by the intracutaneously injected carbohydrates.

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