Increased MRI-based cortical grey/white-matter contrast in sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1971-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Jørgensen ◽  
S. Nerland ◽  
L. B. Norbom ◽  
N. T. Doan ◽  
R. Nesvåg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Medication Dose ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

BackgroundSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic risk factors and one possible illness mechanism is abnormal myelination. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue intensities are sensitive to myelin content. Therefore, the contrast between grey- and white-matter intensities may reflect myelination along the cortical surface.MethodMRI images were obtained from patients with schizophrenia (n = 214), bipolar disorder (n = 185), and healthy controls (n = 278) and processed in FreeSurfer. The grey/white-matter contrast was computed at each vertex as the difference between average grey-matter intensity (sampled 0–60% into the cortical ribbon) and average white-matter intensity (sampled 0–1.5 mm into subcortical white matter), normalized by their average. Group differences were tested using linear models covarying for age and sex.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia had increased contrast compared to controls bilaterally in the post- and precentral gyri, the transverse temporal gyri and posterior insulae, and in parieto-occipital regions. In bipolar disorder, increased contrast was primarily localized in the left precentral gyrus. There were no significant differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Findings of increased contrast remained after adjusting for cortical area, thickness, and gyrification. We found no association with antipsychotic medication dose.ConclusionsIncreased contrast was found in highly myelinated low-level sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia, and to a lesser extent in bipolar disorder. We propose that these findings indicate reduced intracortical myelin. In accordance with the corollary discharge hypothesis, this could cause disinhibition of sensory input, resulting in distorted perceptual processing leading to the characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Increased and Decreased Superficial White Matter Structural Connectivity in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Ji ◽  
Pamela Guevara ◽  
Miguel Guevara ◽  
Antoine Grigis ◽  
Nicole Labra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are often conceptualized as “disconnection syndromes,” with substantial evidence of abnormalities in deep white matter tracts, forming the substrates of long-range connectivity, seen in both disorders. However, the study of superficial white matter (SWM) U-shaped short-range tracts remained challenging until recently, although findings from postmortem studies suggest they are likely integral components of SZ and BD neuropathology. This diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) study aimed to investigate SWM microstructure in vivo in both SZ and BD for the first time. We performed whole brain tractography in 31 people with SZ, 32 people with BD and 54 controls using BrainVISA and Connectomist 2.0. Segmentation and labeling of SWM tracts were performed using a novel, comprehensive U-fiber atlas. Analysis of covariances yielded significant generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) differences for 17 SWM bundles in frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. Post hoc analyses showed gFA reductions in both patient groups as compared with controls in bundles connecting regions involved in language processing, mood regulation, working memory, and motor function (pars opercularis, insula, anterior cingulate, precentral gyrus). We also found increased gFA in SZ patients in areas overlapping the default mode network (inferior parietal, middle temporal, precuneus), supporting functional hyperconnectivity of this network evidenced in SZ. We thus illustrate that short U-fibers are vulnerable to the pathological processes in major psychiatric illnesses, encouraging improved understanding of their anatomy and function.

scholarly journals White-matter-nulled MPRAGE at 7T reveals thalamic lesions and atrophy of specific thalamic nuclei in multiple sclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 987-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Planche ◽  
Jason H Su ◽  
Sandy Mournet ◽  
Manojkumar Saranathan ◽  
Vincent Dousset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Individual Sequences ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Background: Investigating the degeneration of specific thalamic nuclei in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains challenging. Methods: White-matter-nulled (WMn) MPRAGE, MP-FLAIR, and standard T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed on MS patients ( n = 15) and matched controls ( n = 12). Thalamic lesions were counted in individual sequences and lesion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured. Volumes of 12 thalamic nuclei were measured using an automatic segmentation pipeline specifically developed for WMn-MPRAGE. Results: WMn-MPRAGE showed more thalamic MS lesions ( n = 35 in 9 out of 15 patients) than MP-FLAIR ( n = 25) and standard T1 ( n = 23), which was associated with significant improvement of CNR ( p < 0.0001). MS patients had whole thalamus atrophy ( p = 0.003) with lower volumes found for the anteroventral ( p < 0.001), the pulvinar ( p < 0.0001), and the habenular ( p = 0.004) nuclei. Conclusion: WMn-MPRAGE and automatic thalamic segmentation can highlight thalamic MS lesions and measure patterns of focal thalamic atrophy.

White matter lesion burden in migraine with aura may be associated with reduced cerebral blood flow

Cephalalgia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Zhang ◽  
Ritobrato Datta ◽  
John A Detre ◽  
Brett Cucchiara
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Control

Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in subjects with migraine are related to alterations in resting cerebral blood flow (CBF). Methods Migraine with aura (MWA), migraine without aura (MwoA), and control subjects were enrolled in a 1:1:1 ratio. WMH load was scored based on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a previously established semi-quantitative scale. Global and regional CBFs were quantified using arterial spin labelled perfusion MRI. Integrity of the circle of Willis was assessed with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Results A total of 170 subjects were enrolled (54 controls, 56 MWA, and 60 MwoA). There was no significant difference in subjects with ≥1 WMH across groups (22% controls, 29% MWA, 35% MwoA; p = NS). Similarly, high WMH load was not significantly different across groups (16.7% controls, 21.4% MWA, 25.0% MwoA; p = NS). High WMH load was strongly associated with increasing age (odds ratio: 1.08 per year, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.13, p = 0.01). Resting CBF was similar across groups, but was significantly higher in women. In MWA subjects with high WMH load, CBF was substantially lower ( p = 0.03). No association between WMH load and CBF was seen in control or MwoA subjects. Conclusions WHMs in MWA may be related to alterations in resting CBF.

scholarly journals Increased and decreased superficial white matter structural connectivity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Ji ◽  
Pamela Guevara ◽  
Miguel Guevara ◽  
Antoine Grigis ◽  
Nicole Labra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
And Function ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractSchizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are often conceptualized as “disconnection syndromes”, with substantial evidence of abnormalities in deep white matter tracts, forming the substrates of long-range connectivity, seen in both disorders. However, the study of superficial white matter (SWM) U-shaped short-range tracts remained challenging until recently, although findings from post-mortem studies suggest they are likely integral components of SZ and BD neuropathology. This diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) study aimed to investigate SWM microstructure in vivo in both SZ and BD for the first time. We performed whole brain tractography in 31 people with SZ, 32 people with BD and 54 controls using BrainVISA and Connectomist 2.0. Segmentation and labelling of SWM tracts were performed using a novel, comprehensive U-fiber atlas. Analysis of covariances yielded significant generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) differences for 17 SWM bundles in frontal, parietal and temporal cortices. Post hoc analyses showed gFA reductions in both patient groups as compared with controls in bundles connecting regions involved in language processing, mood regulation, working memory and motor function (pars opercularis, insula, anterior cingulate, precentral gyrus). We also found increased gFA in SZ patients in areas overlapping the default mode network (inferior parietal, middle temporal, precuneus), supporting functional hyperconnectivity of this network evidenced in SZ. We thus illustrate that short U-fibers are vulnerable to the pathological processes in major psychiatric illnesses, encouraging improved understanding of their anatomy and function.

scholarly journals Association between Deep White Matter Hyperintensities and Right-to-left Shunt in Migraine (CAMBRAIN): A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingqi Xing ◽  
YiShui Zhang ◽  
HongLing Zhao ◽  
SiBo Wang ◽  
YingHua Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensities ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract BackgroundDeep white matter hyperintensities (DWMHs), often identified by hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were discovered to have a higher prevalence in migraine patients. A right-to-left shunt (RLS), which is also prevalent in migraineurs, could potentially contribute to the formation of DWMHs by induction of controversial embolism and endothelial dysfunction. In this cross-sectional study, we aim to evaluate the association between RLS and the prevalence of DWMHs in patients with migraine.MethodsIn this study, we consecutively enrolled patients with migraine aged between 18 and 50 years from the 14 headache clinics of participating hospitals. DWMHs were rated using Scheltens scale on digital MRI images obtained from 1.5T scanners, and RLS was detected via contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler. Analyses on DWMH prevalence and loads by RLS grading or subtype were performed. A logistic regression analysis on DWMH prevalence was also performed.ResultsIn all, 237 migraine patients (age: 39.3 ± 11.7, 78.1% women, 13% migraine with aura) were enrolled. RLS was detected in 48.5% of the subjects and DWMHs were identified in 138 (58.2%) patients. Prevalence of DWMHs did not differ significantly between RLS+ (57.4%) and RLS− patients (59.0%, p = 0.74). No statistical difference in DWMH loads was found between different RLS grades or subtypes. Instead of RLS grades (p = 0.75), age (OR 1.067; 95%CI 1.034–1.101; p < 0.001) and aura (OR 4.063; 95%CI 1.492–11.061; p = 0.006) were statistically significant independent risk factors for increased DWMH prevalence in migraine patients.ConclusionsOur findings do not support an association between RLS and DWMHs in migraine patients, regardless of RLS grades or subtypes.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT 03418766; Date of registration: February 1, 2018

Abstract TP208: Fazekas Scores Correspond With Specific Volumes of White Matter Hyperintensity

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana Andere ◽  
Anusha Boyanpally ◽  
Scott Collins ◽  
Michael Reznik ◽  
Ali Mahta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensity ◽  
3D Slicer ◽  
Tertiary Care Institution ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Fazekas Scale

Background: White matter hyperintensity (WMH), also known as leukoaraiosis, is commonly visualized as abnormal T2 signal in the deep and subcortical white matter on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It is also commonly associated with aging, diabetes, hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. The Fazekas (F) scoring system is a subjective tool commonly used to assess WMH, but no volumetric analysis has been published showing how the scores correspond to true quantities of white matter disease. Methods: MRIs performed on inpatients and outpatients at our tertiary care institution between 2015 and 2017 were reviewed and their relative WMH was scored by one author trained in using the Fazekas scale. Using 3D Slicer 4.9, manual segmentations of WMH were completed and a 3D model was created to quantify the amount of WMH. Univariate analysis and ANOVA tests were run to determine the association of each Fazekas score with volume of WMH. Results: Among the 198 patients in our study (53% female), 163 had WMH (F1 n=66, F2 n=49, F3 n=48). Ranges of WMH in each group were 0.1-8.3 mL in Fazekas 1 (mean = 3.7, SD = 2.3), 6.0-17.7 mL in Fazekas 2 (mean = 10.8, SD = 3.1), and 14.2-77.2 mL in Fazekas 3 (mean = 35.2, SD = 17.9); if 11 outliers above 50 mL were excluded, the range for Fazekas 3 was 14.2-47.0 mL (mean = 27.1, SD = 8.9). When comparing data between groups, both the comparison between F1+2 (t-value = 14.1, p<0.001) and F2+F3 (t-value = 9.62, p<0.001) were significant. Moreover, when comparing between the three groups, each range of values was found to be significant from one another (F = 151.3, p<0.001). Conclusion: When accurately trained in assigning Fazekas scores to patient’s WMH, each of the scores appears to represent an approximate range of distinct volumes for WMH. Studies have shown that the presence and extent of WMH is a predictor for future development of stroke. These results should be validated in subsequent studies.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of white matter in bipolar disorder: a pilot study

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T Regenold ◽  
Christopher A D'Agostino ◽  
Narayanan Ramesh ◽  
Mehrul Hasnain ◽  
Steven Roys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

scholarly journals Fingolimod-associated PML with mild IRIS in MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Nishiyama ◽  
Tatsuro Misu ◽  
Yukiko Shishido-Hara ◽  
Kazuo Nakamichi ◽  
Masayuki Saijo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽  
Viral Inclusions ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome

Objective:To clarify the clinical, neuropathologic, and virologic characteristics of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and its immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a patient with fingolimod-treated MS.Methods:A case study.Results:A 34-year-old patient with MS using fingolimod for 4 years had a gradual progression of right hemiparesis and aphasia with a new subcortical white matter lesion in the precentral gyrus by initial MRI. Blood tests were normal, except for lymphopenia (160 cells/μL). One month after the cessation of fingolimod, brain MRI depicted a diffusely exacerbated hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighed imaging in the white matter with punctate gadolinium enhancement, suggesting PML-IRIS. A very low level of JC virus (JCV)-DNA (15 copies/mL) was detected in the CSF as judged by quantitative PCR. Brain tissues were biopsied from the left frontal lesion, which showed some small demyelinated foci with predominant loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein with infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages, but clear viral inclusion was not observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining. JCV-DNA was uniquely detectable in an active inflammatory demyelinating lesion by in situ hybridization, possibly suggesting an early phase of PML. DNA extracted from the brain sample was positive for JCV-DNA (151 copies/cell). It took 3 months to normalize the blood lymphocyte count. The patient was treated with 1 g of IV methylprednisolone for 3 days and a weekly oral dose (375 mg) of mefloquine, and her symptoms gradually improved.Conclusion:Low CSF JCV-DNA and unfound viral inclusions initially made her diagnosis difficult. The clinical course of fingolimod-associated PML may be associated with mild immune reconstitution.

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