Study on Association between Height, Weight, Iodine Supplementation and Thyroid Volume

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Lanchun Liu ◽  
Lixiang Liu ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The policy of Universal Salt Iodization (USI) could reduce population’s thyroid volume (TVOL) in iodine deficiency areas. Conversely, the improved growth and developmental status of children might increase the TVOL accordingly. Whether the decreased TVOL by USI conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between height, weight, iodine supplementation and TVOL. Five national Iodine Deficiency Disorder surveys were matched into four pairs according to the purpose of analysis. County-level data of both detected by paired surveys were incorporated, 1: 1 random pairing method was used to match counties or individuals. The difference of TVOL between different height, weight, different iodine supplementation measures groups and the association between TVOL and them were studied. The mean height and weight of children aged 8-10 years increased from 129.9cm and 26.9kg in 2002 to 136.2cm and 32.1kg in 2019; while the median TVOL decreased from 3.10ml to 2.61ml. Iodine supplementation measures can affect TVOL; after exclude iodine effects, the median TVOL was increased with the height and weight. On the other side, after excluding the influence of height and weight, the median TVOL remained decreased. Only age, weight and salt iodine were significant associated with TVOL in multiple linear models. Development of height and weight in children is the evidence of improved nutrition. The decreased TVOL caused by iodized salt measures conceals the increase effect of height and weight on TVOL. Age, weight, and salt iodine affect TVOL significantly.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Shoukry Mohamed ◽  
Merhan Samy Nasr ◽  
Salah Hussien El-Halawany ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Abbas ◽  
Salma Said Hassan Tayeh
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Level

Abstract Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

scholarly journals Effect of Immediately-After-Birth Weaning on the Development of Goat Kids Born to Small Ruminant Lentivirus-Positive Dams

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalbert ◽  
Czopowicz ◽  
Szaluś-Jordanow ◽  
Moroz ◽  
Mickiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the influence of two different rearing systems of young kids on their development to sexual maturity. Kids born to small ruminant lentiviruses-infected (SRLV) female goats were split into two groups: the immediately-after-birth weaned group and the unweaned group. Kids’ body weight (BWT) was measured before the first consumption of colostrum, and then at the age of one week, and one, two, four, and seven months. The relationship between the rearing system and BWT at each age was investigated using mixed linear models adjusted for potential confounders. The mean BWT of kids of the immediately-after-birth weaned group was significantly lower at the age of one week, one month, and two months, and then the difference became insignificant. The mean daily body weight gain (DWG) was significantly lower in the immediately-after-birth weaned group during the whole first month of life, but then DWG in both groups became equal. Crude mortality rate did not differ significantly between groups. This study shows that weaning kids immediately after birth does not appear to have any negative impact on kids’ development except transient growth retardation, which is fully compensated until they reach sexual maturity.

Alveolar carbon monoxide: A comparison of methods of measurement and a study of the effect of change in body posture

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. T. Kirkham ◽  
Andrew R. Guyatt ◽  
Gordon Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Erect Posture ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Inspired Oxygen

1. We have compared rebreathing, breath-hold and mean alveolar methods of measuring alveolar carbon monoxide (CO), at levels similar to those found in smokers, as a preliminary to using them as indirect measures of carboxyhaemoglobin levels. In the present study alveolar CO levels were raised by rebreathing a 2% CO mixture. 2. Breath-hold CO was measured after breath-hold times of 0–35 s in 5 s increments. Using generalized linear models, the maximum value for breath-hold CO was estimated to occur at 23 s. Breath-hold CO after a 20 and 25 s breath-hold were similar to and significantly greater than those of less than 20 s or greater than 25 s. 3. As expired CO increased, the difference between breath-hold and mean alveolar CO became proportionally larger. On average, breath-hold CO was 24% larger than mean alveolar CO. 4. Rebreathing, breath-hold and mean alveolar CO were compared at four different inspired oxygen concentrations. Expired CO increased significantly with increasing oxygen for all three methods. At end-tidal oxygen levels of less than 25%, breath-hold and rebreathing CO were similar, however, the overall mean difference between the three methods was significant. 5. While rebreathing CO was unaffected by changes in ventilation/perfusion of the lung, induced by change in body posture, both breath-hold and mean alveolar CO showed a significant fall with change from the supine to erect posture. 6. We conclude that under normoxic conditions, rebreathing and breath-hold CO (20 or 25 s breath-hold) were similar, whereas the mean alveolar method produced significantly lower values, presumably due to lack of equilibration. Altering ventilation/perfusion of the lung caused no mean change in the measurement of rebreathing CO but did affect the other methods.

Effect of iodide treatment on iodine concentration and volume of endemic non-toxic goitre in childhood

1985 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leisner ◽  
B. Henrich ◽  
D. Knorr ◽  
R. Kantlehner
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroxine Binding Globulin ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thyroxine Therapy ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract. In a total of 195 children and adolescents of both sex (mean age 12.9, range 5–17 years) with endemic non-toxic goitre the thyroidal iodine concentration (IC) was determined using X-ray fluorescent scanning on admission and during iodine (100 μg daily) and l-thyroxine (3 μg/kg body weight daily) treatment respectively. Additionally the thyroid volume was measured sonographically in a longitudinal study including 46 patients before and after 4–8 months of iodine supplementation (100 μg daily). The IC was 305 ± 144 μg/g. It compared well with that of adult goitre patients (288 ± 109 μg/g) and was significantly inferior to the value of normal controls (389 ± 170 μg/g). Under l-thyroxine therapy the IC further decreased (243 ± 144 μg/g), whereas patients receiving iodide showed an increase of the IC (570 ± 197 μg/g). The mean TSH level fell from 2.3 ± 0.9 μU/ml to 1.4 ± 0.6 μU/ml. The average T4/TBG (thyroxine binding globulin) ratio showed a slight increase which, however, was not significant. The mean goitre volume decreased by 40%. It was evidenced that iodide is useful not only in the prophylaxis of non-toxic goitre but also as a more physiologic treatment than thyroid hormones, at least for young subjects with simple diffuse goitres.

scholarly journals Determination of Iodine Content of Commercially Available Table Salts at the Retailer Level in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rahanur Alam ◽  
Moumita Dey ◽  
Md. Kobirul Islam ◽  
Sompa Reza ◽  
Sumaiya Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government

Aims: Iodine deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies in Bangladesh. To combat iodine deficiency disorders, universal salt iodization is mandatory in Bangladesh. The aim of our study was to determine the iodine content of both packaged and open edible table salts sold at the retailer level in different areas of Bangladesh. Study Design: The study is an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted in the food analysis laboratory of Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University from March 2019 to June 2019. A total of 90 salt samples were collected from ten retailers selected based on convenience sampling from two districts: Dhaka and Noakhali. Among the samples, 45 were packaged salts from Fifteen different brands and the rest of the 45 samples were non brand open salt. Methodology: The iodine content of iodized salt samples was determined by the iodometric titration method. Results: The mean iodine content of both types of salts is 17.801±1.973 ppm. The mean iodine contents of packaged salts and open salts are 30.691±2.679 ppm and 4.912±1.008 ppm, respectively. Only 42% of the total salt samples are adequately iodized (>20 ppm). 75% of packaged salt samples are adequately iodized and only 8% of open salt samples are adequately iodized. Conclusion: As iodine content in open table salts doesn’t meet the criteria set by the government, the sale of open salt for human consumption should be stopped. 

scholarly journals The Effects of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy on Iodine Status, Thyroglobulin Levels and Thyroid Function Parameters: Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in a Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency Area

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Censi ◽  
Sara Watutantrige-Fernando ◽  
Giulia Groccia ◽  
Jacopo Manso ◽  
Mario Plebani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Single Blind

Background: Iodine supplementation during pregnancy in areas with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is still debated. Methods: A single-center, randomized, single-blind and placebo-controlled (3:2) trial was conducted. We enrolled 90 women before 12 weeks of gestation. From enrollment up until 8 weeks after delivery, 52 women were given an iodine supplement (225 ug/day, potassium iodide tablets) and 38 were given placebo. At recruitment (T0), in the second (T1) and third trimesters (T2), and 8 weeks after delivery (T3), we measured participants’ urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat), thyroid function parameters (thyroglobulin (Tg), TSH, FT3, and FT4), and thyroid volume (TV). The newborns’ urinary iodine concentrations were evaluated in 16 cases. Results: Median UI/Creat at recruitment was 53.3 ug/g. UI/Creat was significantly higher in supplemented women at T1 and T2. Tg levels were lower at T1 and T2 in women with UI/Creat ≥ 150 ug/g, and in the Iodine group at T2 (p = 0.02). There was a negative correlation between Tg and UI/Creat throughout the study (p = 0.03, r = −0.1268). A lower TSH level was found in the Iodine group at T3 (p = 0.001). TV increased by +Δ7.43% in the Iodine group, and by +Δ11.17% in the Placebo group. No differences were found between the newborns’ TSH levels on screening the two groups. Conclusion: Tg proved a good parameter for measuring iodine intake in our placebo-controlled series. Iodine supplementation did not prove harmful to pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, with no appreciable harmful effect on thyroid function.

scholarly journals Iodine status of 8 to 10 years old children within 20 years following compulsory salt iodization policy in Shanghai, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Jiajie Zang ◽  
Zhehuan Shi ◽  
Zhenni Zhu ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background In 1996, Shanghai implemented universal salt iodization and has became the last provincial unit in China to carry out this intervention. In this study, we summarized achievements in past 20 years, to provide suggestions and evidence for the next stage of iodine supplementation. Methods This study summarized and analyzed monitoring data of children from 1997, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2014, and 2017 in Shanghai. In each monitoring year, 30 streets or towns were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique. One primary school was selected from each street or town by a simple random sampling technique. From each school, 40 children aged 8 to 10 years were randomly selected. The number of children was divided equally by sex and age. Results In 1997, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2014, and 2017, median urinary iodine (MUI) was 227.5 μg/L, 214.3 μg/L, 198.1 μg/L, 181.6 μg/L, 171.4 μg/L, and 183.0 μg/L, goiter rate was 3.07, 0.40, 0.08, 0.08, 0.86, and 1.90%, and median thyroid volume (MTvol) was 2.9 mL, 1.2 mL, 2.4 mL, 1.0 mL, 1.8 mL, and 2.8 mL, respectively. There was a linear correlation between goiter rate and median thyroid volume (MTvol) (r = 0.95, P = 0.014). Household salt iodine concentration (SIC) was dropping every monitoring (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference among different household SIC groups in MUI in 1999 and 2017, and in MTvol in 1999 (P < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the other years. Conclusions In Shanghai, the iodine status of 8 to 10 years old children is adequate. Household SIC have little effect on iodine status of children. Future studies should analyze the dietary sources of iodine, especially from pre-packaged and prepared-away-from-home foods or meals. The regular monitoring of iodine status is important to human health.

scholarly journals Parity is associated with increased thyroid volume solely among smokers in an area with moderate to mild iodine deficiency

2002 ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Knudsen ◽  
I Bulow ◽  
P Laurberg ◽  
L Ovesen ◽  
H Perrild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nulliparous Women ◽  
Association Design

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy has been suggested as part of the explanation of the gender difference in the prevalence of goitre, but opposing results have been reported on the association between pregnancy and goitre. We investigated the association between parity and thyroid volume and a possible impact of iodine deficiency and tobacco smoking on this association. DESIGN: A comparative, cross-sectional study of 3712 women randomly sampled from the general population in two geographical areas with moderate and mild iodine deficiency. METHODS: The participants answered questionnaires with an obstetric anamnesis, and ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed. Data were analysed in linear models and logistic regression analysis to adjust for age, iodine status, use of oral contraceptives and smoking habits. Women with present or recent pregnancies were excluded from the analyses. RESULTS: A higher thyroid volume was found among parous than among nulliparous women (P=0.007). The association between parity and thyroid volume was strongest in the youngest age groups, in the region with the most severe iodine deficiency, and among smokers. No association was found between parity and the prevalence of solitary or multiple thyroid nodules. Number of births, age at menarche or menopause, the number of fertile years, and age at first childbirth were not associated with thyroid volume. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy increases thyroid volume, particularly when combined with tobacco smoking and iodine deficiency. The effect is probably reversible seen over a spectrum of several years.

scholarly journals Iodine status and thyroid parameters of pregnant women living in an iodine sufficient area

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-006
Author(s):  
Delshad Hossein ◽  
Mirmiran Parvin ◽  
Mehran Ladan ◽  
Tohidi Maryam ◽  
Azizi Fereidoun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Group I ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency throughout the world. Todays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain longitudinal data on urinary iodine excretion and the changes of maternal thyroid parameters in two groups of healthy women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency and iodine sufficiency residing in an iodine replete area of Tehran capital city of IR Iran, for more than one decade. Research designs and methods: The present study is part of a cohort study, investigating the relative influences of iodine intake on thyroid size and function of mothers and their infants during and after pregnancy. A total of 500 pregnant women enrolled from two mother-child health care centers and was divided into group I, with median urinary iodine excretion (MUIE) < 150 µg/L, and group II with MUIE ≥ 150 µg/L. Sonographic thyroid volume measurement, urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function tests were measured sequentially in all pregnant women during the three trimesters (T) of pregnancy. Results: The mean ± SD age of the participants was 25.1 ± 5.1 years. The MUIE in group I and II in the first, second and third trimester were 123 and 250 µg/L, 127 and 166 µg/L, 120 and 150 µg/L, respectively. The MUIE in the third trimester of pregnancy in group I did not differ significantly from the values in the first and second trimesters (p = 0.67), but it did decline significantly in group II (p < 0.001). The median thyroid volume of subjects, in the first, second and third trimesters were 7.8, 8.2 and 8.1 ml in group I and 7.5, 8.0 and 8.4 ml in group II, respectively. No difference in thyroid volume was found between two groups in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy (p > 0.05). The mean (± SD) TSH concentration of subjects in first, second and third trimester was 2.3(± 2.6), 2.1(± 1.8), 2.3(± 1.7) mIU/L in group I and 2.1(± 3.1), 2.1(± 1.8) and 2.0(± 1.3) mIU/L in group II, respectively. The trend of TSH rising in group I was 26.7% and in group II it was 13.3%. The mean TSH value in three trimesters did not differ significantly in either groups (p > 0.05). The mean (± SD) total T4 concentrations of subjects in first, second and third trimesters were 13.2(± 3.4), 13.8(± 3.3), 13.0(± 2.9) µg/dl in group I and 13.1(± 3.2), 13.7(± 2.9), 13.4(± 3.2) µg/dl in group II, respectively. The mean total T4 value in three trimesters did not differ significantly in either groups (p > 0.05). There was no correlation between the thyroid volume and three observed parameters (UIE, total T4 and TSH) during the pregnancy in either groups. Conclusion: Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be a risk of having iodine deficiency and systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group.

scholarly journals Impact of iodine supplementation during preconception, pregnancy and lactation on maternal thyroid homeostasis and offspring psychomotor development: protocol of the IodineMinho prospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lopes-Pereira ◽  
Susana Roque ◽  
Patrício Costa ◽  
Anna Quialheiro ◽  
Nadine Correia Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Abstract Background Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable brain harm and cognitive impairment in children. Portuguese women of childbearing age, pregnant women and their progeny were shown to have inadequate iodine intake. Consequently, the Portuguese Health Authorities have recommended a daily supplementation with 150–200 µg iodine in preconception, pregnancy, and lactation. The IodineMinho study intends to evaluate whether (i) this recommendation impacted on the prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women from the Minho region of Portugal, (ii) the time of initiation of iodine supplementation (if any) influences the serum levels of thyroid hormones at several intervals during pregnancy and (iii) there are serum thyroid-hormone parameters in the 1st trimester of pregnancy that predict psychomotor development of the child at 18 months of age. Methods Most Portuguese women are followed throughout pregnancy in community Family Health Units, where family physicians may choose to follow the National recommendation or other, concerning iodine sufficiency. This study will recruit women (N = 304) who intend to become pregnant or are already pregnant from 10 representative Units. Physician’s approach and prescriptions, sociodemographic, nutrition and clinical information will be obtained at baseline and throughout pregnancy. To evaluate endocrine function, blood and urine samples will be collected at recruitment, once in each trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and 3 months after delivery. Breastmilk samples will be collected for iodine and energy content analysis. Children will be evaluated for psychomotor development at 18 months. Maternal thyroid volume will be evaluated by ultrasound scan at baseline, in the 3rd trimester and at 3 months after delivery. Discussion Iodine deficiency early during development precludes children from achieving full intellectual capabilities. This protocol describes a study that is innovative and unique in its detailed and comprehensive evaluation of maternal and child endocrine and psychomotor parameters. By evaluating the effectiveness of the iodine supplementation recommendation, it will contribute to the public health systems’ efforts to provide excellence in maternal and infant care. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04288531. Registered 28 February 2020-Retrospectively registered.

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