scholarly journals Nutritional implications for ultra-endurance walking and running events

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Ultra Endurance

scholarly journals Correction to: Analysis of food and fluid intake in elite ultra-endurance runners during a 24-h world championship

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Lavoué ◽  
Julien Siracusa ◽  
Émeric Chalchat ◽  
Cyprien Bourrilhon ◽  
Keyne Charlot
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Intake ◽  
World Championship ◽  
Endurance Runners ◽  
Ultra Endurance ◽  
Food And Fluid Intake

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

The Effect of Nutritional Manipulation on Ultra-Endurance Performance: A Case Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Robins ◽  
Don M. Davies ◽  
Gareth E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Ultra Endurance

The Physiologic Profile Of Ultra-endurance Competitors In Comparison To Healthy Controls

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 749-750
Author(s):  
Adam Ivey ◽  
Jamie Burr ◽  
Darren E.R. Warburton ◽  
Shannon S.D. Bredin ◽  
Aaron Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Ultra Endurance

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiration in response to the energetic stress of an ultra-endurance race

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1516-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Konopka ◽  
William M. Castor ◽  
Christopher A. Wolff ◽  
Robert V. Musci ◽  
Justin J. Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Endurance Athlete ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ultra Endurance

The 2016 Colorado Trail Race (CTR) was an ultra-endurance mountain bike race in which competitors cycled for up to 24 h/day between altitudes of 1,675 and 4,025 m to complete 800 km and 21,000 m of elevation gain. In one athlete, we had the unique opportunity to characterize skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial respiration in response to a normal activity control period (CON) and the CTR. We hypothesized that mitochondrial protein synthesis would be elevated and mitochondrial respiration would be maintained during the extreme stresses of the CTR. Titrated and bolus doses of ADP were provided to determine substrate-specific oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and electron transport system (ETS) capacities in permeabilized muscle fibers via high-resolution respirometry. Protein synthetic rates were determined by daily oral consumption of deuterium oxide (2H2O). The endurance athlete had OXPHOS (226 pmol·s−1·mg tissue−1) and ETS (231 pmol·s−1·mg tissue−1) capacities that rank among the highest published to date in humans. Mitochondrial (3.2-fold), cytoplasmic (2.3-fold), and myofibrillar (1.5-fold) protein synthesis rates were greater during CTR compared with CON. With titrated ADP doses, the apparent Km of ADP, OXPHOS, and ETS increased after the CTR. With provision of ADP boluses after the CTR, the addition of fatty acids (−12 and −14%) mitigated the decline in OXPHOS and ETS capacity during carbohydrate-supported respiration (−26 and −31%). In the face of extreme stresses during the CTR, elevated rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis may contribute to rapid adaptations in mitochondrial bioenergetics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms that maintain skeletal muscle function during extreme stresses remain incompletely understood. In the current study, greater rates of mitochondrial protein synthesis during the energetic demands of ultra-endurance exercise may contribute to rapid adaptations in mitochondrial bioenergetics. The endurance athlete herein achieved mitochondrial respiratory capacities among the highest published for humans. Greater mitochondrial protein synthesis during ultra-endurance exercise may contribute to improved mitochondrial respiration and serve as a mechanism to resist cellular energetic stresses.

scholarly journals Pacing and Changes in Body Composition in 48 h Ultra-Endurance Running—A Case Study

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Ultra Endurance

Pacing has been investigated in elite and master runners competing in marathon and ultra-marathon races up to 100 km and 100 miles, but not in longer ultra-marathons. In this case study, a 54-year-old master ultra-marathoner—intending to achieve as many kilometers as possible in a 48 h run—was examined. The changes in running speed during the race and selected anthropometric characteristics using bioelectrical impedance analysis (i.e., body mass and body water), during and after the race, were analyzed. The runner achieved a total distance of 230 km and running speed decreased non-linearly during the race. Body mass decreased, while percent body water increased, non-linearly, across the race. There was no statistically significant relationship between the decrease in body mass and the increase in percent body water. Considering the popularity of ultra-endurance running races, the findings of the present study offered valuable insight in the pacing and changes of body mass and body water during a 48 h run, and this information can be used by ultra-endurance runners and practitioners working with them.

scholarly journals Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Eleftherios Veniamakis ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Endurance Sports ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gastrointestinal Discomfort ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Ultra Endurance ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Athletes competing in ultra-endurance sports should manage nutritional issues, especially with regards to energy and fluid balance. An ultra-endurance race, considered a duration of at least 6 h, might induce the energy balance (i.e., energy deficit) in levels that could reach up to ~7000 kcal per day. Such a negative energy balance is a major health and performance concern as it leads to a decrease of both fat and skeletal muscle mass in events such as 24-h swimming, 6-day cycling or 17-day running. Sport anemia caused by heavy exercise and gastrointestinal discomfort, under hot or cold environmental conditions also needs to be considered as a major factor for health and performance in ultra-endurance sports. In addition, fluid losses from sweat can reach up to 2 L/h due to increased metabolic work during prolonged exercise and exercise under hot environments that might result in hypohydration. Athletes are at an increased risk for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) and limb swelling when intake of fluids is greater than the volume lost. Optimal pre-race nutritional strategies should aim to increase fat utilization during exercise, and the consumption of fat-rich foods may be considered during the race, as well as carbohydrates, electrolytes, and fluid. Moreover, to reduce the risk of EAH, fluid intake should include sodium in the amounts of 10–25 mmol to reduce the risk of EAH and should be limited to 300–600 mL per hour of the race.

scholarly journals Sex differences in pacing during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Ultra Endurance ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Male Performance

BackgroundTo date, little is known for pacing in ultra-endurance athletes competing in a non-stop event and in a multi-stage event, and especially, about pacing in a multi-stage event with different disciplines during the stages. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of age, sex and calendar year on triathlon performance and variation of performance by events (i.e., swimming, cycling 1, cycling 2 and running) in ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ held between 1983 and 2015.MethodsWithin each sex, participants were grouped in quartiles (i.e., Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) with Q1 being the fastest (i.e., lowest overall time) and Q4 the slowest (i.e., highest overall time). To compare performance among events (i.e., swimming, cycling 1, cycling 2 and running), race time in each event was converted inzscore and this value was used for further analysis.ResultsA between-within subjects ANOVA showed a large sex × event (p= 0.015,η2= 0.014) and a medium performance group × event interaction (p= 0.001,η2= 0.012). No main effect of event on performance was observed (p= 0.174,η2= 0.007). With regard to the sex × event interaction, three female performance groups (i.e., Q2, Q3 and Q4) increased race time from swimming to cycling 1, whereas only one male performance group (Q4) revealed a similar trend. From cycling 1 to cycling 2, the two slower female groups (Q3 and Q4) and the slowest male group (Q4) increased raced time. In women, the fastest group decreased (i.e., improved) race time from swimming to cycling 1 and thereafter, maintained performance, whereas in men, the fastest group decreased race time till cycling 2 and increased it in the running.ConclusionIn summary, women pace differently than men during ‘Ultraman Hawaii’ where the fastest women decreased performance on day 1 and could then maintain on day 2 and 3, whereas the fastest men worsened performance on day 1 and 2 but improved on day 3.

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