scholarly journals Perennial forage legume cultivation and their above-ground mass management methods for weed suppression in arable organic cropping systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aušra Arlauskienė ◽  
Danutė Jablonskytė-Raščė ◽  
Lina Šarūnaitė ◽  
Monika Toleikienė ◽  
Laura Masilionytė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Weeds Control ◽  
Ground Mass

Abstract Background In organic crop farms, growing crop yields are limited by insufficient nitrogen supply to plants and crop weediness. In such farms, legume swards are proposed as a service crop to improve nitrogen cycling. However, a positive effect of nitrogen is not only on cereals but also on weeds. In crop rotation, legume swards can stimulate the competition of cereals using the above-ground mass of legume to control the spread of weeds. The effects of the following methods for weeds control were analyzed: (i) forage legumes (Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens) undersown in cereals, (ii) forage legumes (T. pratense L., Medicago sativa L.) and their mixture with festulolium (x Festuliolium) and their above-ground mass management methods, and (iii) plant-based fertilizers (red clover above-ground mass fermented and composted). Results Oat with red clover undersown reduced weediness more than red clover monocrops, pea, and their mixture with oats. Incorporated undersown white clover mass increased spring barley competitiveness with weeds. When growing legume swards for a longer period of time (green fallow), red clover and their mixture with festulolium are the most suitable for this purpose. The lowest weed dry weight (average 34%, compared with the removal from the field) was obtained while using the mixed management. The cultivation of cereals after forage legumes and their mixtures with festulolium (as a preceding crop) increases its grain yield and competitive ability against weeds. Fermented red clover and fermented pea and spring wheat mixture mass, as a manure, did not increase weediness. Conclusions It was concluded that the effectiveness of the perennial forage legumes is determined by the uses of the above-ground mass: soil cover, mulching, application of green manure, and intensity of mass mineralization. Type of activity of forage legumes on weeds were competition for environmental resources, disruption/promotion of germination, destruction of above-ground mass, reduction of the amount of matured seeds, creation of a physical barrier (mulch), and increase of competitiveness of cereals. Growing forage legumes in pure crops usually leads to a loss of marketable production. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Influence of previous crops and nematicide treatments on root lesion nematode populations and crop yields

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kimpinski ◽  
L.M. Edwards ◽  
C.E. Gallant ◽  
H.W. Johnson ◽  
J.A. MacLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A field study assessing the influence of the previous crop, the crop sequence, and aldicarb treatments on root lesion nematode populations and crop yields was carried out in Prince-Edward-Island, Canada. The most recent crop had the greatest impact on nematode numbers. The crop sequences had an influence in some cases on root lesion nematode populations (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans) and on crop yields. In commercial barley (Hordeum vulgare) fields, root lesion nematodes in roots were greatest when barley followed a red clover (Trifolium pratense) timothy (Phleum pratense) ley, and stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.) were more common when barley followed barley. The combined dry weight of foliage and grain was larger when barley was planted after potato (Solanumtuberosum) and smaller when barley followed barley or a red clover-timothy mixture. Under experimental field conditions, root lesion nematode populations were largest in barley roots when barley followed potato and grain yields were smallest when barley followed barley. Changes in nematode populations in potato were not associated with crop sequences. Potato tuber yields were higher in the sequences that began with wheat (Triticum aestivum) or barley than in the sequences that began with potato or soybean (Glycine max). Aldicarb reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes in roots with concomitant yield increases in potato and soybean.

scholarly journals Morphological features of young red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) plants depending on habitat cultivation (agrotechnic) factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Zając ◽  
Józef Bieniek ◽  
Robert Witkowicz ◽  
Wojciech Jagusik
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Very High

In experiments located in Prusy (Kraków voivodship) at Wierzbica (Katowice voivodship) at the end of vegetative growth in the fall 6 empiricaly determined features characterizing young red clever plants grown in pure stand and undersown in spring barley were analysed. These were following features refering to a single plant: fresh and dry weight, the length of tops and roots, diameter of the root crown and number of shoots. Based on these features 4 indirect indicators were constructed. In 1993-1994 total of 420 plants were analysed. For direct and indirect indicators means and standard deviations were callculated taking into account the influence of given year, location and method of sowing. Least squares and phenotypic correlations between investigated features were also evaluated. In 1994 average values for analysed plant features of red clever were higher than in 1993. The effect of location (of the experiment) was not visible. Better plants were formed when red clever was undersown in spring barley than when grown in pure stand (without the cover crop). Alls features measured directly showed very high variability between these features were observed. Correlation between the fresh and dry weight need to be emphasized. Also interactions between years and method of sowing, and between location and method of sowing turned out to be significant.

scholarly journals Mineral Composition of Red Clover under Rhizobium Inoculation and Lime Application in Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera STAJKOVIC-SRBINOVIC ◽  
Dušica DELIC ◽  
Nataša RASULIC ◽  
Dragan CAKMAK ◽  
Djordje KUZMANOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Lime Application

In the present study the effects of Rhizobium inoculation and lime application on the mineral composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), in very acid soil were evaluated. Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii significantly increased shoot dry weight (SDW) of red clover plants (three times greater), as well as N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu contents in plants compared to the control. Application of lime and Rhizobium together, depending on the lime rate (3, 6 or 9 t ha-1 of lime) and the cut, increased SDW significantly, but decreased the contents of N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and B in plants. Regardless of the changes, in all treatments in both cuts, contents of N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in plants were among sufficiency levels (Mg content was elevated in the second cut), while Fe content was mainly high, as well as Cu (in the second cut). Contents of P and B in plants were somewhat lower than sufficiency levels, but above critical level. Therefore, red clover can be grown with satisfactory yield and mineral composition in acid soil with Rhizobium inoculation only, but the application of P and B fertilization is desirable.

Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate to Italian Ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum)and Red Clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Segura ◽  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Clover Seed

The phytotoxicity of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] on seeds (protected or non-protected with soil) and seedlings of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumLam.) and red clover(Trifolium pratenseL.) was studied in the greenhouse. Percent germination of Italian ryegrass seeds covered with soil was significantly reduced with glyphosate applied at 4 kg/ha. The direct treatment over the seeds on the soil surface was more toxic, reducing the number of established seedlings at dosages of 3 and 4 kg/ha. In the two red clover seed treatments, germination was significantly reduced with 2 kg/ha of herbicide. Even though germination was reduced at intermediate rates of glyphosate, shoot growth and tillering were improved and yields of dry weight were equivalent to that of untreated plants. Postemergence applications of glyphosate were phytotoxic to both species with the effects becoming more pronounced at increasing dosages. However, at equal dosage, red clover was less susceptible than Italian ryegrass. The patterns of foliar absorption and translocation of14C from14C-glyphosate was similar in Italian ryegrass and red clover.14C was translocated throughout the plants and exhibited apoplastic and symplastic movement.

scholarly journals Weed Suppression Potential of Living Mulches, Newspaper Hydromulches, and Compost Blankets in Organically Managed Carrot Production

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jesse Puka-Beals ◽  
Greta Gamig
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Organically Managed

Direct seeding into strip-tilled zones (STZs) of living mulches may require weed suppression tactics for soil surfaces exposed within the STZ. Three surface mulch options (hydromulch, compost blanket, and a no-mulch control) were evaluated for their ability to suppress weeds and improve crop performance when applied in STZs seeded to carrot (Daucus carota). These STZs were located within one of five living mulch options [red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), a weed-free control, and a weedy control]. From measurements spanning 2 years at two North Dakota locations, dry weed biomass was lower in STZs where hydromulch or compost blankets were applied compared with the no-mulch control (12, 13, and 82 g·m−2, respectively). The presence of a living mulch adjacent to the STZ reduced carrot root biomass by 49% to 84% compared with the weed-free control. Further research should 1) investigate methods for reducing yield loss from living mulches, and 2) develop biodegradable alternatives to plastic mulches.

scholarly journals The effect of incorporation time of different crops on the residual effect on spring cereals

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KÄNKÄNEN ◽  
A. KANGAS ◽  
T. MELA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Spring Cereals

The effect of the time of incorporation of different green manures and barley residues on the grain yield of spring cereals in two successive seasons was studied in seven field trials. Annual hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) and straw of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were incorporated into the soil by ploughing in early September, late October and the following May, and by reduced tillage in May. Spring barley was established in the following spring, and spring oats (Avena sativa L.) one year later. In general the grain yield of spring barley after legumes was similar to that after barley, in spite of the fact that N fertilization was reduced by 40 kg ha-1. The two autumn ploughing treatments resulted in a good yield of spring barley more reliably than did the spring incorporations. Because delayed autumn ploughing did not decrease the grain yield, a delaying procedure can be recommended for its potential of decreasing nitrogen leaching. Spring ploughing could be used on all but clay soils. Incorporating ryegrass or red clover in spring by using reduced tillage often decreased the grain yield of barley. Timing of incorporation did not have a consistent effect on the grain yield of oats in the third experimental year.;

scholarly journals The Role of Amino Acids for the In Vitro Culture of Some Species of Forage Legumes I. Trifolium pratense L

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Gabriela Maria VICAȘ ◽  
Mircea SAVATTI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Establishing the effect of the amino acids as additional additives to the culture medium is and will be in the future one of our concerns of interest for the in vitro culture of some plants. The present study examines the effect of the glicocol added to the LS basal medium over the embryos of the Trifolium pratense L specie cultivated in vitro. There were followed: the percentage of plant regeneration of the red clover, its multiplication capacity and the formation of the root system, and also the evolution of the callus obtained on mediums with 2,4D, BA and amino acid.

scholarly journals Agronomic and Economic Performance of Maize, Soybean, and Wheat in Different Rotations during the Transition to an Organic Cropping System

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Cox ◽  
John Hanchar ◽  
Jerome Cherney
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Input ◽  
Price Premiums

Crop producers transitioning to an organic cropping system must grow crops organically without price premiums for 36 months before certification. We evaluated red clover-maize, maize-soybean, and soybean-wheat/red clover rotations in organic and conventional cropping systems with recommended and high inputs in New York, USA to identify the best rotation and management practices during the transition. Organic compared with conventional maize with recommended inputs in the maize-soybean rotation (entry crop) averaged 32% lower yields, $878/ha higher production costs, and $1096/ha lower partial returns. Organic maize compared with conventional maize with recommended inputs in the red clover-maize rotation (second transition crop) had similar yields, production costs, and partial returns. Organic compared with conventional soybean with recommended inputs in soybean-wheat/red clover or maize-soybean rotations had similar yields, production costs, and partial returns. Organic compared with conventional wheat with recommended inputs in the soybean-wheat/clover rotation had similar yields, $416/ha higher production costs, and $491/ha lower partial returns. The organic compared with the conventional soybean-wheat/red clover rotation had the least negative impact on partial returns during the transition. Nevertheless, all organic rotations had similar partial returns ($434 to $495/ha) so transitioning immediately, regardless of entry crop, may be most prudent. High input management did not improve organic crop yields during the transition.

Tillage and weed management effects on forage production in a barley-red clover rotation

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Légère ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson ◽  
Nathalie Samson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
No Till ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Tillage and weed management practices used during the establishment year can likely affect for age yield during the subsequent production year(s). This study was conducted as part of a long-term experiment to determine the suitability of conservation tillage practices for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) production on a Kamouraska clay from 1988 to 1995. Red clover was underseeded with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in cropping systems including different tillage (MP: fall moldboard plow; CP: fall chisel plow; NT: no-till) and weed management (intensive, moderate, minimum) treatments applied during the establishment year. Red clover dry matter yields and weed biomass were measured twice in the subsequent forage production year. Tillage had no effect on red clover yields in 3 out of 7 yr. Yields were 16% greater with NT in 1 yr and 52% with MP tillage in 3 yr compared with other tillage treatments. Weed response to tillage was consistent over years. Dicot weed biomass increased as tillage intensity was reduced. Monocot biomass was much less with NT than with MP or CP treatments. Red clover yield was 11% greater with intensive weed management, but this yield increase was not associated with differences in dicot or monocot biomass during the forage production year. Red clover yield gain with intensive weed management would need to be weighed against economical and environmental costs to determine the relevance of increased herbicide use in a short-term cereal/forage rotation. Key words: Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), conservation tillage, no-till, forage legume

Phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and 2,4-Dichlorophenol to Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Taylor ◽  
D. G. Shilling ◽  
K. H. Quesenberry ◽  
G. R. Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Level

Whole plant and tissue culture experiments were conducted to determine the difference in phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and its metabolite, 2,4-DCP, to red clover. At the whole plant level, the mean concentration of 2,4-DCP (10 mM) required to cause 50% growth inhibition (I50) of shoot dry weight was 24 times greater than for 2,4-D (0.42 mM). Using callus tissue, the I50value for 2,4-DCP (0.28 mM) was 22 times greater than for 2,4-D (0.013 mM) based on dry weights. The callus tissue was 36 and 32 times more sensitive to 2,4-DCP and 2,4-D than shoot tissue based on dry weights, respectively. These data indicate that 2,4-DCP was less phytotoxic than 2,4-D to red clover both in vitro and in vivo.

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