Phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and 2,4-Dichlorophenol to Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Taylor ◽  
D. G. Shilling ◽  
K. H. Quesenberry ◽  
G. R. Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Level

Whole plant and tissue culture experiments were conducted to determine the difference in phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and its metabolite, 2,4-DCP, to red clover. At the whole plant level, the mean concentration of 2,4-DCP (10 mM) required to cause 50% growth inhibition (I50) of shoot dry weight was 24 times greater than for 2,4-D (0.42 mM). Using callus tissue, the I50value for 2,4-DCP (0.28 mM) was 22 times greater than for 2,4-D (0.013 mM) based on dry weights. The callus tissue was 36 and 32 times more sensitive to 2,4-DCP and 2,4-D than shoot tissue based on dry weights, respectively. These data indicate that 2,4-DCP was less phytotoxic than 2,4-D to red clover both in vitro and in vivo.

The role of medicarpin and maackiain in the response of red clover leaves to Helminthosporium carbonum, Stemphylium botryosum, and S. sarcinaeforme

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 2609-2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorne J. Duczek ◽  
Verna J. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Stemphylium Botryosum ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
The Difference

Helminthosporium carbonum, a corn pathogen, and Stemphylium botryosum, an alfalfa pathogen, are both nonpathogenic on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), while S. sarcinaeforme is a foliar pathogen on red clover. In clover leaves challenged with H. carbonum, medicarpin and maackiain were the only inhibitory compounds found in diffusates or in leaf tissue in a concentration sufficient to account for the inhibition of this fungus. Helminthosporium carbonum was inhibited by and could not degrade medicaipin and (or) maackiain in vitro. Both S. botryosum and S. sarcinaeforme were only slightly inhibited by these compounds in mycelial growth bioassays, and both fungi degraded medicarpin and (or) maackiain in vitro and some evidence was obtained that degradation occurred in vivo. In contrast with the relatively high amounts of medicarpin and maackiain that accumulated in leaves challenged with H. carbonum, relatively low amounts accumulated in leaves challenged with either S. botryosum or S. sarcinaeforme. The evidence suggests that the resistance of clover to H. carbonum can be accounted for by these phytoalexins; however, differences in relation to accumulation of, inhibition by, and breakdown of medicarpin and (or) maackiain were not enough to explain the difference in pathogenicity of S. botryosum and S. sarcinaeforme on red clover.

scholarly journals Mineral Composition of Red Clover under Rhizobium Inoculation and Lime Application in Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera STAJKOVIC-SRBINOVIC ◽  
Dušica DELIC ◽  
Nataša RASULIC ◽  
Dragan CAKMAK ◽  
Djordje KUZMANOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Lime Application

In the present study the effects of Rhizobium inoculation and lime application on the mineral composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), in very acid soil were evaluated. Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii significantly increased shoot dry weight (SDW) of red clover plants (three times greater), as well as N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu contents in plants compared to the control. Application of lime and Rhizobium together, depending on the lime rate (3, 6 or 9 t ha-1 of lime) and the cut, increased SDW significantly, but decreased the contents of N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and B in plants. Regardless of the changes, in all treatments in both cuts, contents of N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in plants were among sufficiency levels (Mg content was elevated in the second cut), while Fe content was mainly high, as well as Cu (in the second cut). Contents of P and B in plants were somewhat lower than sufficiency levels, but above critical level. Therefore, red clover can be grown with satisfactory yield and mineral composition in acid soil with Rhizobium inoculation only, but the application of P and B fertilization is desirable.

scholarly journals Screening of indigenous rhizobacteria as potential biological control against faba bean (Vicia faba L.) gall disease caused by Olpidium viciae

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Dugassa ◽  
Tesfaye Alemu ◽  
Yitbarek Woldehawariat
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Background Emerged faba bean gall disease attacks the stem and leaves of the plant and results in complete crop losses. This study was initiated to screen multi-trait rhizobacteria for their antagonistic efficacy under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions against Olpidium viciae to control the effect of gall disease on faba bean. Sixty antagonistic isolates were first examined for their morphological, biochemical, and phenotypic traits. Results Pseudomonas fluorescens AAUPF62, P. aeruginosa AAUS31, Bacillus AAUMF42, and Bacillus AAUAm28 showed greater than 68, 62, 57, and 54% suppression of O. viciae in dual culture, volatile metabolites, culture filtrate assay, and detached leaves experiments, respectively. The in-vivo study revealed that early treatment of the crop with P. aeruginosa AAUS31 reduced severity by 63% (in FB-Obse) and 54% (in FB-26869) faba bean varieties. The co-inoculation of P. fluorescens AAUPF62 and P. aeruginosa AAUS31 significantly enhanced the shoot (P = 0.003; mean = 122 cm) and root (P = 0.018; mean = 94 cm) length, increased shoot dry weight by 8 factors (83 g pot −1), and reduced final disease severity by 92% in FB-Obse variety. Conclusions The results revealed that P. fluorescens AAUPF62 and P. aeruginosa AAUS31 strains could be the potential antagonistic agents of gall disease. The use and early treatment of moderately resistant faba bean varieties by co-inoculation of synergistic potential bioagents were recommended.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts fromIn VivoandIn VitroGrownTrifolium pratenseL. (Red Clover)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Khorasani Esmaeili ◽  
Rosna Mat Taha ◽  
Sadegh Mohajer ◽  
Behrooz Banisalam
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Total Flavonoid ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Flavonoid Content

In the present study the extracts ofin vivoandin vitrogrown plants as well as callus tissue of red clover were tested for their antioxidant activities, using different extraction solvent and different antioxidant assays. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as extraction yield of the extracts were also investigated to determine their correlation with the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Among all the tested extracts the highest amounts of total phenolic and total flavonoids content were found in methanol extract ofin vivogrown plants. The antioxidant activity of tested samples followed the orderin vivoplant extract > callus extract >in vitroextract. The highest reducing power, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and chelating power were found in methanol extracts ofin vivogrown red clover, while the chloroform fraction ofin vivogrown plants showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging compared to the other tested extracts. A significant correlation was found between the antioxidant activity of extracts and their total phenolic and total flavonoid content. According to the findings, the extract ofin vitroculture of red clover especially the callus tissue possesses a comparable antioxidant activity to thein vivocultured plants’ extract.

Evaluation of rhizobacterial colonisation and the ability to induce Globodera pallida hatch

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin P. Lettice ◽  
Peter W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Root

Three bacterial isolates, SB13 (Acinetobacter sp.), SB14 (Arthrobacter sp.) and SB15 (Bacillus sp.), were previously isolated from the rhizosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) plants and shown to increase hatch of potato cyst nematodes in vitro. In this study, the three isolates were assayed for rhizosphere competence. Each isolate was applied to seeds at each of four concentrations (105-108 CFU ml−1) and the inoculated seeds were planted in plastic microcosms containing coarse sand. All three isolates were shown to colonise the rhizosphere, although to differing degrees, with the higher inoculation densities providing significantly better colonisation. The isolates increased sugar beet root and shoot dry weight. Isolates SB14 and SB15 were analysed for their ability to induce in vivo hatch of Globodera pallida in non-sterile soil planted with sugar beet. After 4 and 6 weeks, both isolates had induced significantly greater percentage hatch compared to controls.

scholarly journals Influence of MCPA on Fusarium oxysporum root rot and red clover growth under controlled greenhouse conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ceballos ◽  
Graciela Palma ◽  
Fernando Perich ◽  
Fernando Pardo ◽  
Andrés Quiroz
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a disease that reduces red clover persistence. Agronomical management of red clover includes MCPA application, and there is no information regarding the effects of this herbicide on the disease. MCPA was evaluated for its effects on F. oxysporum root rot and red clover (Trifolium pratense) growth in a greenhouse experiment. Additionally, in vitro mycelial growth and conidial germination of F. oxysporum were studied. For shoot dry weight and crown diameter of seedlings, the interaction of herbicide and inoculum was significant at 30 d. The herbicide–inoculum treatment reduced shoot dry weight by 20% at 1X rate and by 24% at 2X rate, and crown diameter was reduced by 10% at the high rate. The MCPA treatment caused a 40% reduction of root dry weight by the end of the experiment. Application of MCPA caused fusarium root rot to increase in severity on red clover seedlings and caused phytotoxicity at the high rate. Interaction with the other growth parameters was not significant, indicating that the effects of herbicide and inoculum were independent. Conidial germination and mycelial growth in vitro were reduced by MCPA. Results suggest that red clover growth could be negatively affected by F. oxysporum after MCPA application and that root rot severity increases at high rates of MCPA.

scholarly journals Using in vitro methods to estimate metabolizable energy content of five forage legumes harvested under different defoliation systems / Einsatz von in vitro Methoden zur Schätzung der umsetzbaren Energie in fünf Futterleguminosen aus unterschiedlichen Nutzungssystemen

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Martin Gierus ◽  
Birgit Eickler ◽  
Reinhard Resch ◽  
Ralf Loges ◽  
Friedhelm Taube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Standard Samples

SummaryTwoin vitromethods were tested to establish their potential to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) content of forage legumes: the Tilley and Terry (TT) method and the pepsin-cellulase method (CM). Different samples of white clover (Trifolium repensL.), red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.), kura clover (Trifolium ambiguumM. Bieb.), lucerne (Medicago sativaL.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.) were derived from field trials with several defoliation systems at two sites. The CM was more precise due to its repeatability within and between analysis runs, but eventually overestimated the ME contents of the samples, as it was shown for the standard samples with knownin vivodigestibility. ME contents were found to be consistently higher based on CM, with a difference of up to 1.5 MJ ME/kg DM compared to TT. Although white clover was, in general, the species with the highest ME content, the influence of legume species over all cuts and defoliation systems was inconsistent. Such observations may influence the method of choice for ME estimation for large datasets.

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of red clover Trifolium pratense dry extract

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziele P. Ramos ◽  
Miriam A. Apel ◽  
Cláudia B. de Morais ◽  
Paula C. Ceolato ◽  
Elfrides E. S. Schapoval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Efficacy of Purpureocillium lilacinum AUMC 10149 as biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plant

2024 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Isaac ◽  
M. M. El-Deriny ◽  
R. G. Taha
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Purpureocillium Lilacinum ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the biotic factors which has greatly affected both the yield and the quality of the tomato crop. The egg parasitic nematode, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) is considered as one of the most promising agents in controlling and overcoming this plant pathogen. The nematicidal effect of the native isolate Pl AUMC 10149 on second stage juvenile’s survival and egg hatching of M. incognita at different times of exposure was tested in vitro. The obtained data showed that Pl gave a maximum percentage of J2 mortality (97.6%) and egg hatching inhibition (79.8%) after 72 hours of exposure. The potentiality of Pl as well as Bio-Nematon to control M. incognita infecting tomato was conducted using different times of application in vivo. Nine treatments with five replicates were used for such bioagents compared with the nematicide Oxamyl. Each seedling was inoculated with 1000 J2s of nematode/pot and 10 mL of Pl (1x1010 CFU/mL) or Bio-Nematon spore suspension (1x108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. The results indicated that the most effective treatments in reducing nematode population, number of galls and egg masses of M. incognita in plant roots was performed with treatment by Pl pre-planting and post-infection with Pl (Rf 1.9) giving a significant enhancement in plant length (64.9%), fresh weight (72.52%) and shoot dry weight (163.41%) without negatively impacting environment. Therefore, the present study confirmed that using P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 can be used as a practical supplement to environmentally friendly disease management of root-knot nematodes in Egypt.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts Derived from in vivo and in vitro Grown Trifolium pratense (Red clover)

2013 ◽  
pp. 475-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Khorasani Esmaeili ◽  
Rosna Mat Taha ◽  
Behrooz Banisalam ◽  
Sadegh Mohajer ◽  
Noor Zalina Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities
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