Effects of smoking cessation on biological monitoring markers in urine

Abstract Introduction Urinary nicotine and cotinine levels are often measured as biomarkers for tobacco smoke exposure. However, these biomarkers are not appropriate to evaluate the effects of quitting smoking for several days, because of their short half-lives. In this study, we focused on the changes in the urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) levels of 55 patients in a smoking cessation program, because of the long half-life. At the same time, urinary 7-methylguanine (m7Gua) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as DNA damage markers of cigarette smoking, were also measured. Results In the subjects who completed the quit-smoking program (18 subjects out of 55), the urinary nicotine and cotinine levels decreased to 1.7 and 0.2% at 8 weeks after the first visit to the clinic. By contrast, the NNAL levels decreased to 12.3% at 8 weeks after quitting smoking. During the same period, the urinary m7Gua levels significantly decreased, from 27.32 μg/mg creatinine to 14.17 μg/mg creatinine by the elimination of subjects who showed increased levels of NNAL during the smoking cessation program. The 8-OHdG levels were also reduced within the same period, but were not significantly different. From the all data analysis, the urinary levels of cotinine and NNAL positively correlated with the level of m7Gua. Conclusions NNAL may be an appropriate exposure marker for evaluating the smoking status of patients in a smoking cessation program. The urinary cotinine and NNAL levels positively correlated with the m7Gua levels.

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Assessment of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure by determining nicotine and its metabolites in meconium

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327107072391 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 535-544 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

E. Köhler ◽

S. Avenarius ◽

A. Rabsilber ◽

C. Gerloff ◽

G. Jorch

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Smoke ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

High Performance ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Smoke Exposure ◽

Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Quit Smoking

Meconium samples collected from 115 neonates were analysed for nicotine, cotinine and trans -3-hydroxycotinine (OH-cotinine) by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify prenatal smoke exposure. The self-reported maternal smoking status during pregnancy was determined by means of a questionnaire and verified by measurements in urine prior to childbirth. The total sum of nicotine and its metabolites (Sumtot) of the first passed meconium samples was 1560 ± 1024 pmol/g in newborns of smoking mothers. Smoking of less than five cigarettes was clearly detected. Sumtot remained constant in all meconium samples passed by a neonate in succession. However, the proportion of nicotine decreased with the time of passage after birth and the OH-cotinine proportion increased, whereas cotinine hardly changed. Nicotine or its metabolites were not detectable in meconium (detection limit < 20 pmol/g), when the mothers were only exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using the HPLC method. The hypothesis that the content of nicotine metabolites in meconium reflects long-term smoke exposure could not be confirmed in newborns whose mothers had quit smoking during the latter half of pregnancy. Determining Sumtot enables the intensity of continuous smoking during pregnancy to be estimated in all meconium samples passed by a newborn. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 535—544

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Pharmacist-Delivered Smoking Cessation Program in Community Pharmacy (The FINE Program) in Japan—The Development of a Training Course and a Feasibility Study

Journal of Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/0897190019889745 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 089719001988974

Author(s):

Mitsuko Onda ◽

Takashi Kuwanoe ◽

Atsunori Hashimoto ◽

Michiko Horiguchi ◽

Masayuki Domichi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Community Pharmacy ◽

Feasibility Study ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Smoking Cessation Program ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

The Family ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Continuous Abstinence

Aim: Although smoking cessation support has been recommended as a routine component of pharmacists’duties, there is limited evidence of smoking cessation being achieved successfully in community pharmacy. The aim of this study was to develop a new smoking cessation program for use in the community pharmacy setting and investigate its feasibility. Methods: A feasibility study (the Family pharmacist’s Intervention for Nicotine Elimination [FINE] program) was conducted using 8 pharmacists at 2 community pharmacies in Japan. The pharmacists recruited as subjects smokers 20 or more years of age who were taking medications such as antidiabetes drugs. The patients completed questionnaires assessing their smoking status, and the pharmacists provided them with smoking cessation support services. Participating patients met with the pharmacists or talked to them on the phone 5 times at 2- to 4-week intervals and received personalized and structured brief smoking cessation advice. The primary outcome was continuous abstinence determined by Micro Smokerlyzer carbon monoxide monitor at 3 months. Results: Of 5306 patients, 2296 patients were screened and the rate of smoking was found to be 12.7%. Five smoking patients received the FINE program from pharmacists who had received training. One of the 5 succeeded in quitting smoking after 3 months. Conclusions: This is the first study to target Japanese smoking patients in community pharmacies with a brief structured intervention. The results tentatively support the feasibility of the FINE program. Further research including a randomized controlled trial is required to confirm the effectiveness of the FINE program.

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Change in smoking cessation stage over 1 year in patients with schizophrenia: a follow up study in Japan

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-019-2351-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuji Higuchi ◽

Masaki Fujiwara ◽

Naoki Nakaya ◽

Maiko Fujimori ◽

Chinatsu Hayashibara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Intention To Quit ◽

Baseline Survey ◽

Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Smoking Behaviors

Abstract Background We performed a follow up study about willingness and behaviors to quit smoking among smokers with schizophrenia in Japan. Methods Participants were outpatients with schizophrenia aged 20–69 years who had been visiting the hospital for ≥1 year as of April 1, 2016, and had visited the hospital more than once in the previous 6 months. A baseline survey on smoking behaviors including current smoking status and smoking cessation stage, was administered in 420 participants that were randomly extracted from a patient pool (n = 680) in 2016, and a follow-up survey was administered in 2017. We calculated the distribution and change in smoking cessation stage, number of smokers and nonsmokers after 1 year, and quitting rate from a naturalistic 1-year smoking-cessation follow up. Results The number of baseline respondents was 350; 113 current smokers and 68 former smokers. Among the 113 current smokers, 104 (92.0%) were followed for 1 year, 79 (70.0%) were interested in smoking cessation, and only 7 had received smoking cessation treatments at baseline. Among the tracked 104 participants, only 6 (5.8%) stopped smoking after 1 year. Among the 25 participants who had intentions to quit smoking within 6 months at baseline, 6 (24.0%) maintained their intention to quit smoking for 1 year, and 16 (64.0%) did not maintain their intention to quit smoking. Conclusions Our findings showed that many smokers with schizophrenia were interested in quitting smoking, but few patients received treatment and actually quit smoking. Timely intervention, including the option to receive smoking cessation treatment, is necessary for those patients with schizophrenia who smoke. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000023874, registered on August 31, 2016).

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Counseling of Patients with Severe Psychiatric Conditions and Referral to Smoking Cessations Programs

European Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 164-166

Author(s):

Mariwan Husni ◽

Mazin Burhan ◽

Mohamed Mazin

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Smoking Cessation ◽

General Population ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Psychiatric Rehabilitation ◽

Smoking Cessation Program ◽

Chronic Mental Illness ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Clinical Records

Background: Cigarette smoking and Nicotine dependence are highly prevalent in patients with severe and chronic mental illness. Psychiatric patients consume more cigarettes than general population. Smokers with chronic mental illness can quit smoking with appropriate intervention by smoking cessations programs. These patients can benefit from pharmacotherapy, but consideration should be given for possible interaction with patients’ psychiatric medications. Tobacco use and dependence need to be formally documents on electronic medical records and be offered a referral to smoking cessations programs. Method: All patients in a community rehabilitation service ward in Northwest London were interviewed to identify the type, quantity, and duration of their tobacco. Their electronic clinical records were reviewed to confirm their age, ICD 10 Primary Diagnosis, ICD10 Tobacco dependence diagnosis, medications they take, record of ECG tests and presence of cardiopulmonary problems. Then their records were checked if they were given advice regarding their smoking habit, desire to quit smoking and agreement to be referred to a smoking cessation program. Results and Discussion: Half of the total number of patients in the community psychiatric rehabilitation were cigarette smokers. Majority of the smokers had history of polysubstance abuse. Recording of current smoking status were not regularly update. Patients who had recorded status of being a smoker were all referred to a smoking cessation program and majority had counseling by the healthcare professionals in their unit. Attending the smoking cessation program in those patients have as good outcomes as general population. Conclusions: A substantial number of patients in psychiatric rehabilitation units smoke cigarettes. If their smoking status is accurately documented, they would be referred to a formal smoking cessation program.

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Influence of Dental Pain and Tooth Sensitivity on the Intention to Quit Smoking among Schoolchildren

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2020/8823146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Muhammad Nazir ◽

Hassan AlAbdullah ◽

Muhanad Alhareky ◽

Asim Al-Ansari ◽

Jehan Alhumaid

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Pain ◽

Health Problems ◽

Smoking Cessation Program ◽

Intention To Quit ◽

Tobacco Prevention ◽

Tooth Sensitivity ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking

Objective. To evaluate the association between oral health problems and sociodemographic factors with the intention to quit smoking and join the tobacco cessation program among schoolchildren. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 10–12 grade male students from public high schools in different cities of the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Schoolchildren responded to a pilot-tested questionnaire about self-reported oral health problems and the intention to quit smoking. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. Out of 587 schoolchildren, 199 were smokers with a smoking prevalence of 33.9%. Significantly higher proportions of smokers than nonsmokers had tooth sensitivity (P = 0.029) and dryness of the mouth (P = 0.001). Most smokers (75.9%) had a family history of smoking, and 51.8% started smoking within the last two years. Tooth sensitivity (56.3%), dental cavities (52.8%), and dental pain (44.7%) were highly prevalent among smokers. About one-third of smokers expressed their intention to quit smoking (38.2%) and join a smoking cessation program (33.7%). Tooth sensitivity (OR = 3.7, P = 0.004) and dental pain (OR = 2.84, P = 0.014) were significantly associated with quitting smoking. In addition, smokers with tooth sensitivity (OR = 3.22, P = 0.007) had higher odds of joining a smoking cessation program than those without tooth sensitivity. The smokers who started smoking within the last two years (OR = 3.97, P = 0.002) were more likely to quit smoking than those who initiated smoking for more than two years. Conclusion. Oral health problems were highly prevalent among smokers. Tooth sensitivity was significantly associated with quitting smoking and joining a cessation program in children. The awareness about the adverse effects of smoking on oral health should be part of regional, national, and global tobacco prevention policies and programs.

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Electronic cigarettes

BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal ◽

10.47339/ephj.2017.75 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Spencer Kaspick ◽

BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽

Helen Heacock

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Chi Square ◽

Post Secondary ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Chi Squared

Background: Electronic cigarettes are a widely-used, yet still emerging technology. As such, there is relatively little data regarding the reasons why people take up their use. Many claim to use them as a smoking-cessation method. Concern exists that experimentation in non-smokers may lead to nicotine addiction and subsequent smoking. The purpose of this study was to determine the primary reasons for the commencement of electronic cigarette use, and to suggest way in which these findings could affect current policies and regulations pertaining to electronic cigarettes. Methods: A survey examining electronic cigarette use was prepared. The survey contained questions respecting primary motivation for use, frequency of use, present and former smoking status as well as agreement with common perception about electronic cigarettes. Basic demographic information was also collected. The survey was posted to “www.reddit.com” and was accessible to users who used electronic cigarettes themselves via the “/r/electronic_cigarettes” sub-Reddit for a period of five days. Once responses were collected, Chi-square tests of independence were run to determine if any associations existed. Responses were also compared to previous studies of a similar nature to see if any similarities existed. Results: In total, 155 responses were received. The majority of the respondents were males (89.7%) between the ages of 19 and 28 (47.7%). 30.32% listed their occupation as “student”, and almost three-quarters of the respondents had some post-secondary experience. 78.1% of respondents were former smokers, and 61.3% identified their primary reason for electronic cigarette use as “to quit smoking.” Chi-squared tests for association between responses yielded statistically-significant associations between being a previous smoker and believing that electronic-cigarettes are healthier than conventional cigarettes, and between gender (specifically being male) and reasons for electronic cigarette use (specifically “to quit smoking”). However, the latter result was possibly skewed by a higher response rate from males as opposed to females. Conclusion: The high proportion of previous smokers among electronic cigarette users suggested that quitting smoking was the most common reason individuals take up electronic cigarette usage. It is therefore suggested that studies be done to determine if their use is less harmful than that of conventional cigarettes, and that existing legislation regarding their use in public be modified in light of this evidence. It is also suggested that they be given consideration as a legitimate means of smoking cessation.

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Tobacco smoke exposure and effectiveness of a smoking cessation program in cystic fibrosis patients and their relatives

Journal of Cystic Fibrosis ◽

10.1016/s1569-1993(10)60451-1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. S117

Author(s):

M.D. Pastor-Vivero ◽

E. Martínez-Carrasco ◽

P. Mondéjar-López ◽

M.T. López-Fernández ◽

J.A. Ortega-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Smoking Cessation ◽

Tobacco Smoke ◽

Smoke Exposure ◽

Smoking Cessation Program ◽

Tobacco Smoke Exposure

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Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16214136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (21) ◽

pp. 4136

Author(s):

Alessandro Radaeli ◽

Matteo Nardin ◽

Danila Azzolina ◽

Mario Malerba

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Smoking Cessation ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Smoking Prevention ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Coffee Intake ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking

The identification of determinants of attempts to quit smoking and quitting smoking success is crucial for effective smoking prevention and/or cessation programs. Thus, here we have conducted a survey to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of tobacco use and the potential determinants of quitting smoking among a population of 140 subjects—101 smokers and 39 ex-smokers—referred to our clinic for respiratory diseases. Subject characteristics included demographic data, employment and education status, respiratory disease family history, smoking habits, life habits, diet, alcohol intake, and physical activity. In comparison with former smokers, active smokers were younger, lived with at least one smoking family member, and were more frequently exposed to passive smoke. They also displayed a higher coffee consumption, a higher frequency of in-between-meal snacks, and a lower chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence. In comparison with subjects who had never attempted to quit smoking, individuals who had attempted to quit smoking were younger, had a lower pack-year median, consumed a higher amount of coffee and alcohol, and conducted regular physical activity. Determinants of successful smoking cessation were older age, lower passive smoking exposure and daily coffee intake, and COPD diagnosis. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of health education in fostering successful smoking cessation in respiratory disease patients.

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Association between Positivity and Smoking Cessation

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/780146 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maria Caterina Grassi ◽

Guido Alessandri ◽

Stefania Pasquariello ◽

Michela Milioni ◽

Domenico Enea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Positive Outlook ◽

Positive Traits

The literature documents that personality characteristics are associated with healthy lifestyles, including smoking. Among positive traits, Positivity (POS), defined as a general disposition conducive to facing experience under a positive outlook has shown robust associations with psychological health. Thus, the present study investigated the extent to which POS is able to predict (i) relapse after quitting smoking and (ii) the desire to smoke again. All participants (481) had previously attended a Group Counselling Program (GCP) for Smoking Cessation (from 2005 through 2010). They were contacted through telephone interview. Among participants, 244 were ex-smokers (age: years56.3±10.08, 52% female) and 237 were still-smokers (age: years55.0±9.63; 63.5% female). The association of POS with “craving to smoke” levels was assessed with multivariate linear regression analysis while controlling also for important differences in personality such as conscientiousness and general self-efficacy, as well as for gender and age. Results showed that POS was significantly and negatively associated with smoking status and with craving to smoke. Among covariates (i.e., conscientiousness, generalized self-efficacy), gender was associated with smoking status and with craving to smoke. Altogether these findings corroborate the idea that POS plays a significant role in sustaining individuals' efforts to quit smoking.

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