scholarly journals From “satisfaction of search” to “subsequent search misses”: a review of multiple-target search errors across radiology and cognitive science

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Adamo ◽  
Brian J. Gereke ◽  
Sarah Shomstein ◽  
Joseph Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Satisfaction Of Search ◽  
Subsequent Search Misses ◽  
Subsequent Target ◽  
Initial Target

AbstractFor over 50 years, the satisfaction of search effect has been studied within the field of radiology. Defined as a decrease in detection rates for a subsequent target when an initial target is found within the image, these multiple target errors are known to underlie errors of omission (e.g., a radiologist is more likely to miss an abnormality if another abnormality is identified). More recently, they have also been found to underlie lab-based search errors in cognitive science experiments (e.g., an observer is more likely to miss a target ‘T’ if a different target ‘T’ was detected). This phenomenon was renamed the subsequent search miss (SSM) effect in cognitive science. Here we review the SSM literature in both radiology and cognitive science and discuss: (1) the current SSM theories (i.e., satisfaction, perceptual set, and resource depletion theories), (2) the eye movement errors that underlie the SSM effect, (3) the existing efforts tested to alleviate SSM errors, and (4) the evolution of methodologies and analyses used when calculating the SSM effect. Finally, we present the attentional template theory, a novel mechanistic explanation for SSM errors, which ties together our current understanding of SSM errors and the attentional template literature.

scholarly journals Ecological mechanisms in cognitive science

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Golonka ◽  
Andrew D. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Ecological Mechanisms

In 2010, Bechtel and Abrahamsen defined and described what it means to be a dynamic causal mechanistic explanatory model. They discussed the development of a mechanistic explanation of circadian rhythms as an exemplar of the process and challenged cognitive science to follow this example. This article takes on that challenge. A mechanistic model is one that accurately represents the real parts and operations of the mechanism being studied. These real components must be identified by an empirical programme that decomposes the system at the correct scale and localises the components in space and time. Psychological behaviour emerges from the nature of our real-time interaction with our environments—here we show that the correct scale to guide decomposition is picked out by the ecological perceptual information that enables that interaction. As proof of concept, we show that a simple model of coordinated rhythmic movement, grounded in information, is a genuine dynamical mechanistic explanation of many key coordination phenomena.

Priming from the Attentional Blink: A Failure to Extract Visual Tokens but Not Visual Types

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimron Shapiro ◽  
Jon Driver ◽  
Robert Ward ◽  
Robyn E. Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Stimulus Processing ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Location Detection ◽  
Subsequent Target ◽  
Initial Target

When people must detect several targets in a very rapid stream of successive visual events at the same location, detection of an initial target induces misses for subsequent targets within a brief period. This attentional blink may serve to prevent interruption of ongoing target processing by temporarily suppressing vision for subsequent stimuli. We examined the level at which the internal blink operates, specifically, whether it prevents early visual processing or prevents quite substantial processing from reaching awareness. Our data support the latter view. We observed priming from missed letter targets, benefiting detection of a subsequent target with the same identity but a different case. In a second study, we observed semantic priming from word targets that were missed during the blink. These results demonstrate that attentional gating within the blink operates only after substantial stimulus processing has already taken place. The results are discussed in terms of two forms of visual representation, namely, types and tokens.

scholarly journals Ecological Mechanisms in Cognitive Science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
sabrina golonka ◽  
Andrew D Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Perceptual Information ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Ecological Mechanisms ◽  
Correct Level

Bechtel & Abrahamsen (2010) defined and described what it means to be a dynamic causal mechanistic explanatory model. They discussed the development of a mechanistic explanation of circadian rhythms as an exemplar of the process, and they challenged cognitive science to follow this example. This paper takes on this challenge. A mechanistic model is one that accurately represents the real parts and operations of the mechanism being studies. These real components must be identified by an empirical programme that decomposes the system at the correct level and localises the components in space and time. Psychological behaviour emerges from the nature of our real time interaction with our environments, and so here we show that the correct level for decomposition is the ecological perceptual information that enables that interaction. As proof of concept, we show that a simple model of coordinated rhythmic movement, grounded in information, is a genuine dynamical mechanistic explanation of many key coordination phenomena.

Revolution in Mind?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Hutto ◽  
Erik Myin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This chapter introduces the E-turn in cognitive science –the move to embrace enactive, embodied, extended and ecological views of cognition–and the empirical and theoretical considerations that spurred it on. It explains how E-approaches differ from classical forms of cognitivism: in particular the degree to which different E-approaches move away from the cognitivist commitments to representationalism, computationalism and mechanistic explanation. Against this backdrop, it becomes clear in which ways REC’s proposal is not just radically revisionary but revolutionary in spirit. The chapter also sets out the basic rules of naturalistic play, reminding the reader why attempts to dismiss REC by appeal to a priori intuitions about what is essential to cognition violate the methodological scruples of naturalism.

scholarly journals Representational unification in cognitive science: Is embodied cognition a unifying perspective?

Synthese ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Miłkowski ◽  
Przemysław Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Grand Unification ◽  
Research Traditions

Abstract In this paper, we defend a novel, multidimensional account of representational unification, which we distinguish from integration. The dimensions of unity are simplicity, generality and scope, non-monstrosity, and systematization. In our account, unification is a graded property. The account is used to investigate the issue of how research traditions contribute to representational unification, focusing on embodied cognition in cognitive science. Embodied cognition contributes to unification even if it fails to offer a grand unification of cognitive science. The study of this failure shows that unification, contrary to what defenders of mechanistic explanation claim, is an important mechanistic virtue of research traditions.

scholarly journals What makes a microsaccade? A review of 70 years research prompts a new detection method

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Katharina Hauperich ◽  
Laura K. Young ◽  
Hannah E. Smithson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Adaptive Optics ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Data Capture ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Different Levels

We have developed a new method for detecting microsaccades in eye-movement data. The impetus was the review of the literature on microsaccades presented in this paper, which revealed (1) large changes in the size and speed of reported microsaccades over the last 70 years and (2) references to monocular microsaccades, which have recently been shown to be artefacts of analysis methods (Nyström et al, 2017; Fang et al, 2018). The changes in reported microsaccade characteristics, such as size and speed, must be due to experimental factors, such as methods of recording and analysis, and different levels of experience of the participants in the task: They cannot represent a change in the fundamental characteristics of microsaccades. In this paper we present a review of reported microsaccade properties between the 1940s and today and we determine the range within which certain physical parameters of microsaccades are thought to occur. These parameters drive our new microsaccade detection method. We have validated this method on two datasets of binocular eye-movements recorded using video-based systems: one from within our lab, and one from Nyström et al, 2017. We have additionally applied our method to eye-movement data collected using an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO), to show its adaptability to a fundamentally different method of data capture. This confirmed that the microsaccade detection method produces microsaccade detection rates within expected limits across very different methods of recording. Our new microsaccade detection method is easy to implement and intuitive to understand, and affords researchers flexibility in adjusting it to their experimental set-up.

scholarly journals Stimuli similarity in subsequent search misses

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
A.A. Lanina ◽  
E.S. Gorbunova
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Subsequent Search Misses ◽  
Dual Target

The role of targets categorical similarity in subsequent search misses (SSM) effect, which assumes second target omission after the first target was found in visual search task, was observed. Participant’s task was to search for the targets (even or odd digits) among distracters (odd or ever digits, respectively). On each trial, it could be two, one or no targets. In dual target condition, the targets could be equal digits or different. 22 participants were tested, mean age — 18.73. Accuracy at detecting the second target after the first one was found was compared. Targets similarity had the significant effect on second target detection performance, F (1, 30) = 9.69, p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.316, and on the search time, F (1, 31) = 28.29, p < 0.000, ηp2 = 0.574. In two dissimilar targets condition the participants missed the second target more often and found it slowly as compared to two similar targets condition. The results are discussed in the context perceptual set and resource depletion theories.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document