scholarly journals First report of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema surkhetense and its pathogenic potential to larvae of the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phap Quang Trinh ◽  
Duyen Thi Nguyen ◽  
Linh Thi Mai Le ◽  
Tien Huu Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
The World ◽  
First And Second Generation

Abstract Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are evidently a useful nematode group for the biocontrol of insect pests. It is well known that efficacy of different EPN strains, even belonging to the same species, can be significantly varied in different localities. Therefore, exploring EPNs and testing their efficacy in various ecological regions is of crucial importance to find out more efficient EPN strains. On the other hand, this practice is also needed to enhance the knowledge on diversity and distribution model of EPNs over the world. Results In this study, a species belonging to the genus Steinernema, S. surkhetense, has been characterized for the first time in Vietnam based on morphological and molecular characterizations. Morphological characterizations of infective juveniles, the first and second-generation adults, and molecular characterization of D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rRNA region were given. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Steinernema was also provided. In addition, the study showed that the lethal efficacy of this local strain to larvae of Galleria mellonella L. was relatively higher than other reported EPN strains in Vietnam. Conclusions The Vietnamese EPN population found in this study was determined to be conspecific with S. surkhetense, revealed its new distribution in Vietnam. Besides, detailed morphological and molecular characterizations of it was provided with small variations compared to other populations in the world, and its relatively high lethal efficacy on larvae of G. mellonella implied that this strain can be potentially a useful strain for biological control of insect pests.

scholarly journals Quantitative and Qualitative Impacts of Selected Arthropod Venoms on the Larval Haemogram of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Karem Ghoneim ◽  
Khalid Hamadah ◽  
Mohammad Tanani ◽  
Dyaa Emam
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Population Count ◽  
Oriental Hornet ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
The World ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Hemocyte Population ◽  
Wax Moth

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the most destructive pest of honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), throughout the world. The present study was conducted to determine the quantitative and qualitative impairing effects of the arthropod venoms, viz., death stalker scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) venom (SV), oriental Hornet (wasp) Vespa orientalis Linnaeus venom (WV) and Apitoxin of A. mellifera (AP) on the larval haemogram. For this purpose, the 3rd instar larvae were treated with LC50 of each of these venoms (3428.9, 2412.6, and 956.16 ppm, respectively). The haematological investigation was conducted in haemolymph of the 5th and 7th (last) instar larvae. The important results could be summarized as follows. Five basic types of the freely circulating haemocytes in the haemolymph of last instar (7th) larvae of G. mellonella had been identified: Prohemocytes (PRs), Plasmatocytes (PLs), Granulocytes (GRs), Spherulocytes (SPs) and Oenocytoids (OEs). All venoms unexceptionally prohibited the larvae to produce normal hemocyte population (count). No certain trend of disturbance in the differential hemocyte counts of circulating hemocytes in larvae of G. mellonella after treatment with the arthropod venoms. Increasing or decreasing population of the circulating hemocytes seemed to depend on the potency of the venom, hemocyte type and the larval instar.  In PRs of last instar larvae, some cytopathological features had been observed after treatment with AP or WV, but SV failed to cause cytopathological features. With regard to PLs, some cytopathological features had been observed after treatment with AP while both SV and WV failed to cause cytopathological features in this hemocyte type. No venom exhibited cytopathological effects on GRs, SPs or OEs.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation among isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae from Bull Island, Ireland

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Downes ◽  
Conor Meade ◽  
Stephen Boyle ◽  
Alec Rolston ◽  
Thomae Kakouli-Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Host Insect ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Control Insect

AbstractThe application of large numbers of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) to control insect pests of agriculture is likely to have an impact on the local EPN fauna, yet little is known about the intraspecific relationships between EPN populations, particularly with regard to phylogeny and outbreeding. Here we assess the fitness, with regards to fecundity, host insect mortality and time taken to produce progeny, of isolates of Steinernema feltiae from Bull Island, Ireland. Exon-primed, intron-crossing (EPIC) PCR was used to examine intraspecific phylogenies between S. feltiae isolates, and identified up to three possible colonisation events of Bull Island. EPIC-PCR grouped two isolates, 33.D.(2) and 59.F.(2), separately from the remaining ten S. feltiae isolates These same two isolates consistently performed poorly in all fitness assessments. Following the crossbreeding of all isolates in Galleria mellonella, the number of host cadavers exhibiting emerging infective juveniles was significantly fewer than expected and there were significant differences between isolates in the number of days until progeny were observed. Host insect mortality varied between 40 and 87%. Such intraspecific variation may be a result of adaptation to different microhabitats of Bull Island, which in turn may be accentuated by laboratory culture practices.

scholarly journals Description and charactrization of the Amazonian entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens MN7

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando L. Kamitani ◽  
Daniela P. Almenara ◽  
Carolina Rossi ◽  
Maira R. Camargo Neves ◽  
Lissandra M. A. Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Variant Form ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Toxin Secretion ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
I Cells ◽  
Wax Moth

AbstractMany isolates of the genus Photorhabdus have been reported around the world. Here we describe the first Brazilian Photorhabdus isolate, found in association with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7, from the Amazonian forest in Monte Negro (RO, Brazil). The new isolate can be grouped with the Hb-Hm clade of P. luminescens subsp. luminescens, close to the new subspecies P. luminescens subsp. sonorensis. P. luminescens MN7 has several characteristics expected of variant form I cells, such as the presence of intracellular crystals, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (lipases and proteases) and bioluminescence. Although H. baujardi LPP7 is not prolific when compared to H. bacteriophora HP88, P. luminescens MN7 is clearly pathogenic and probably secretes the same toxins as P. luminescens subsp. luminescens W14, when fed to larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. This behavior is different from what is found in Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii HP88, which was used as a control in our experiments, and P. l. subsp. laumondii TT01. Besides the toxin secretion, P. luminescens MN7 secretes proteolytic polypeptides that have molecular masses different from those found in P. l. subsp. laumondii TT01. Finally, the crude extract from spent culture medium was shown to contain 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-cis-stilbene and 1,3,8-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone as the major compounds, similarly to other Photorhabdus luminescens strains.

scholarly journals Assessing the Pathogenicity of Two Bacteria Isolated from the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis indica against Galleria mellonella and Some Pest Insects

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Rosalba Salgado-Morales ◽  
Fernando Martínez-Ocampo ◽  
Verónica Obregón-Barboza ◽  
Kathia Vilchis-Martínez ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Heterorhabditis Indica ◽  
Insecticide Activity

The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis are parasites of insects and are associated with mutualist symbiosis enterobacteria of the genus Photorhabdus; these bacteria are lethal to their host insects. Heterorhabditis indica MOR03 was isolated from sugarcane soil in Morelos state, Mexico. The molecular identification of the nematode was confirmed using sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the D2/D3 expansion segment of the 28S rRNA gene. In addition, two bacteria HIM3 and NA04 strains were isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode. The genomes of both bacteria were sequenced and assembled de novo. Phylogenetic analysis was confirmed by concatenated gene sequence datasets as Photorhabdus luminescens HIM3 (16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, dnaN, gyrA, and gyrB genes) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NA04 (16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and gyrB genes). H. indica MOR03 infects Galleria mellonella, Tenebrio molitor, Heliothis subflexa, and Diatraea magnifactella larvae with LC50 values of 1.4, 23.5, 13.7, and 21.7 IJs/cm2, respectively, at 48 h. These bacteria are pathogenic to various insects and have high injectable insecticide activity at 24 h.

Bacterial feeding nematodes ingest haemocytes in the haemocoel of the insect Galleria mellonella

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Masaya Ono ◽  
Yoichi Hayakawa ◽  
Toyoshi Yoshiga
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Insect Haemocytes ◽  
Nematode Parasitism ◽  
Insect Immune Response

AbstractInsect parasitic nematodes have acquired mechanisms to evade their host immune response for successful parasitism. Despite the importance of understanding of the evolution of evasion mechanisms from host immunity, insect immune response against non-parasitic nematodes has not been well studied. In our previous study, we demonstrated that a non-insect parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was not encapsulated by haemocytes in the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. To understand how nematodes influence insect haemocytes to escape encapsulation, we examined the effect of C. elegans on haemocytes in the haemocoel of G. mellonella larvae. Injection of nematodes resulted in the decrease of haemocyte density while mortality and spreading ability of haemocytes, the haematopoietic organs were not affected. In vitro co-incubation of haemocytes with nematodes resulted in a decrease of haemocyte density and we observed feeding on haemocytes by nematodes. Injection of C. elegans feeding-delay mutants into insects did not cause the decrease of haemocyte density. The decrease of haemocyte density was due to the nematode's ingestion of haemocytes. Furthermore, an entomopathogenic nematode and other bacterial feeding nematodes also showed similar feeding behaviour. The nematode's ability to feed on haemocytes may have played an important role in the evolution of nematode parasitism in bacterial-feeding nematodes.

scholarly journals Morpho-taxometrical and molecular characterization of Steinernema abbasi (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and its pathogenicity and generative potential against lepidopteran pests

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heena ◽  
Aasha Rana ◽  
Aashaq Hussain Bhat ◽  
Ashok Kumar Chaubey
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Highly Virulent

Abstract Background An entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) was recovered by using Galleria baiting technique from the soils of marigold fields of Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on morphological, morphometrical and molecular characterizations, the isolated strain was identified as Steinernema abbasi and tagged as CS38. The isolated strain was conspecific to original description with minor deviations. Infective juveniles (IJs) of present strain were longer than original description. Results Molecular analysis was done using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and D2D3 regions. Pathogenicity and generative potential of the present strain CS38 were tested against larvae of 3 lepidopteran insect pests, namely, Galleria mellonella L., Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) and Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Different concentrations of IJs/larva, viz. 25, 50, 100, and 200 IJs/larva, were used for bioassay trails. All experiments were repeated thrice to reach the optimum authenticity. Results of bioassays revealed that isolate CS38 was highly virulent against the 3 insect pests and caused (100%) mortality within 48 h under laboratory conditions. Generative potential of the studied S. abbasi CS38 was recorded high in G. mellonella (19 × 104 IJs/larva) at 100 IJs/larva concentration, followed by H. armigera (63.4 × 103 IJs/larva) and S. litura (60.5 × 103 IJs/larva). Conclusions Isolate CS38 is an indigenous, dominant and highly virulent strain that can be utilized as a biological control agent against the three studied insects. Moreover, it can be used for commercialization of the production of EPN-based biopesticide to be added under Integrated Pest Management in Indian agriculture system.

Infectivity of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Sterilized and Herbicide-Treated Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Gibb ◽  
Wayne G. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate ◽  
Wax Moth

The infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), against larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), was investigated in sterile, nonsterile, and glyphosate-treated soil cores from a stand of bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson. Soil cores were sterilized by high-pressure steam or methyl bromide fumigation. Another set of soil cores was treated with the herbicide, glyphosate. Nematode infectivity was significantly greater in sterile soil than in nonsterile and glyphosate-treated soil on days 3 and 8 after nematode application. No significant differences were detected by day 15 after nematode treatment. Results suggest the presence of a biotic factor(s) that limits the persistence of insect control provided by entomopathogenic nematodes in bentgrass.

Development of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis strain NLH-E 87.3 in Galleria mellonella

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Boff ◽  
Peter Smits ◽  
Lonne Gerritsen ◽  
Gerrie Wiegers
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Wax Moth

AbstractIncreasing densities of Heterorhabditis megidis strain NLH-E 87.3 infective juveniles (IJ) affected invasion, reproduction, length and time to first emergence of the nematodes in larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Although the number of nematodes that invaded the host increased with increasing dose, percentage of invasion declined. The number of progeny produced per host initially increased with dose. The highest production of IJ per cadaver was reached at a dose of 300 IJ per host, at that dose 62 ± 3.4 IJ were established per cadaver. Production decreased again significantly at higher densities. The smallest IJ were produced at a dose of 1000 IJ per host and the largest at a dose of 300 IJ per host. Time to first emergence of juveniles was generally shorter when the number of IJ inoculated was large (300-3000 IJ/host).Des densités croissantes de juvéniles infestants (IJ) d'Heterorhabditis megidis souche NLH-E 87.3 ont affecté la pénétration, la reproduction, la longueur du corps et la date de la première émergence des nématodes des larves de Galleria mellonella. Bien que le nombre de nématodes ayant pénétré dans l'hôte ait augmenté avec l'inoculum, le pourcentage de pénétration a décru. L'importance de la descendance produite par hôte a initialement augmenté avec l'inoculum. La production la plus forte d'IJ par cadavre a été atteinte à un taux d'inoculum de 300 IJ par hôte; à ce taux d'inoculum, 62 ± 3.4 IJ par cadavre avaient pénétré. La production d'IJ a de nouveau diminué significativement aux taux d'inoculum plus élevés. Les IJ les plus petits ont été obtenus au taux d'inoculum de 1000 IJ par hôte. Le temps écoulé jusqu'à la première sortie des juvéniles hors de l'insecte a été généralement plus court lorsque le taux d'inoculum était élevé (300-3000 IJ/hôte).

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