THERMO‐TELLURIC CURRENTS GENERATED BY AN UNDERGROUND EXPLOSION AND OTHER GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

Geophysics ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Tuman
Keyword(s):  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Underground Explosion ◽  
Atom Bomb ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Electric Potentials ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Will Force ◽  
Telluric Currents

If an atom bomb is detonated in an aquifer, superheated steam will be produced, giving rise to a pressure front in the capillaries. The high‐pressure vapor will force the neighboring fluid through capillary channels generating streaming electric potentials which we have called the thermotelluric potentials. In this note a preliminary study is made of the pressure front transient and a nonlinear differential equation is obtained. This equation can be solved, if necessary, numerically by difference methods utilizing a digital computer. However, instead some experiments were performed and the streaming potential was measured on a few very porous and permeable sandstones. The order of magnitude of the signal to be generated by such phenomenon is estimated using the experimental data, and some assumptions. It appears that in some cases the signal superimposed on the natural telluric field might be above the noise level. Thermo‐telluric potentials should also be present during an igneous intrusion and during the diffusion of hot water in geysers, etc. The possible use of the phenomenon of thermo‐telluric potentials in the study of underground geological activities is intriguing.

Modeling of Gas Turbine-Based Cogeneration System

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshid Zabihian ◽  
Alan S. Fung ◽  
Fabio Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cogeneration System ◽  
Exhaust Stream ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Gas Turbine Cycle ◽  
Wasted Energy

Gas turbine-based power plants generate a significant portion of world’s electricity. This paper presents the modeling of a gas turbine-based cogeneration cycle. One of the reasons for the relatively low efficiency of a single gas turbine cycle is the waste of high-grade energy at its exhaust stream. In order to recover this wasted energy, steam and/or hot water can be cogenerated to improve the cycle efficiency. In this work, a cogeneration power plant is introduced to use this wasted energy to produce superheated steam for industrial processes. The cogeneration system model was developed based on the data from the Whitby cogeneration power plant in ASPEN PLUS®. The model was validated against the operational data of the existing power plant. The electrical and total (both electrical and thermal) efficiencies were around 40% and 70% (LHV), respectively. It is shown that cogenerating electricity and steam not only significantly improve the general efficiency of the cycle but it can also recover the output and efficiency losses of the gas turbine as a result of high ambient temperature by generating more superheated steam. Furthermore, this work shows that the model could capture the operation of the systems with an acceptable accuracy.

Second-Law Analysis of a Two-Phase Self-Pumping Solar Water Heater

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Walker ◽  
J. H. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Total Entropy ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Entropy generated by operation of a two-phase self-pumping solar water heater under Solar Rating and Certification Corporation rating conditions is computed numerically in a methodology based on an exergy cascade. An order of magnitude analysis shows that entropy generation is dominated by heat transfer across temperature differences. Conversion of radiant solar energy incident on the collector to thermal energy within the collector accounts for 87.1 percent of total entropy generation. Thermal losses are responsible for 9.9 percent of total entropy generation, and heat transfer across the condenser accounts for 2.4 percent of the total entropy generation. Mixing in the tempering valve is responsible for 0.7 percent of the total entropy generation. Approximately one half of the entropy generated by thermal losses is attributable to the self-pumping process. The procedure to determine total entropy generation can be used in a parametric study to evaluate the performance of two-phase hot water heating systems relative to other solar water heating options.

The Streaming Potential and the Rheology of Foam

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (04) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. Raza ◽  
S.S. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Newtonian Fluids ◽  
Flow In Porous Media ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Foaming Agents ◽  
Streaming Potentials ◽  
Foam Flow ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract An experimental study of the flow of fine-textured, aqueous foams through Pyrex tubes is described. The foams range in quality F (ratio of gas volume to total volume) from 0.70 to 0.96 and behave like pseudoplastic fluids. At lower flow rates they exhibit laminar flow and have apparent viscosities which increase with quality, and which cover a range of 15 cp to 255 poise for tubes of 0.25- to 1.50-mm radius ri. At higher flow rates a plug-like type of flow is developed, the extent of which increases with both and ri. When the same foams flow through either open or packed Pyrex tubes, remarkably high streaming potentials phi E are often generated. These can easily reach 50v if nonionic foaming agents are used, but are at least an order of magnitude less for ionic foaming agents. A linear relationship between phi E and the pressure differential phi p is observed; this usually extrapolates to positive values of phi p at phi E of zero. The slope of the line increases with both F and ri. An equation was derived to describe the streaming potential of non-Newtonian fluids in circular tubes and was used to correlate experimental results. The calculated potential is are of the right order of magnitude. Introduction Foams are both unusual and intriguing in their physical properties, and have been the subject of many scientific studies. However, present knowledge of foams is still fragmentary, specific and often contradictory. Apparent viscosity of foam is the physical property of greatest interest to both rheologists and engineers. Sibree reported that the apparent viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate in a manner similar to some non-Newtonian fluids. Penny and Blackman reported that fire-fighting foams had both a limiting shear stress and a tensile yield stress. There is little doubt that some foams at least behave like non-Newtonian fluids, and have apparent viscosities considerably higher than those of either constituent phase. The high apparent viscosity of foam with its concomitant effect on mobility ratio and sweep efficiency no doubt prompted several attempts by research groups to use foam as a displacing agent in porous media. Based on recent experience, most of these groups probably succeeded in completely blocking fluid flow in the porous media and then abandoned their efforts. Two groups apparently found the successful combination of experimental parameters at about the same time. Others have recently added to our knowledge-of foam flow in porous media and its use as a displacing agent. An experimental problem encountered by Fried was a transient blockage of foam flow in porous media when distilled water was used to prepare the foam-producing solution. Fried surmised that this was due to an electrokinetic effect and he eliminated it by using electrolytes in preparing foaming solutions. He also measured the streaming potential of a number of foams in capillary tubes which he found to be appreciably higher than those obtained when the constituent liquid flowed under comparable conditions. This paper presents results of a more comprehensive study of the streaming potential generated by aqueous foam flowing in both open and packed Pyrex tubes. It also adds to knowledge of the rheology of these foams as deduced from their flow behavior in open tubes. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE A diagram of the apparatus used is shown in Fig. 1. Details of its construction, testing and use are described elsewhere. Careful selection of materials, extreme cleanliness and rather elaborate electrical insulation and shielding were necessary to obtain reproducible results (15 percent). Both streaming potential and streaming current were measured with an electrometer. The design of the foam generator developed for this work is novel (Fig. 2). SPEJ P. 359ˆ

The asymptotic response of three‐dimensional basin offsets to magnetotelluric fields at long periods: The effects of current channeling

Geophysics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1562-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Hermance
Keyword(s):  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Transverse Magnetic ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Skewness Coefficient ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
D Model ◽  
Telluric Currents

A simple, inexpensive numerical algorithm is used to analyze the asymptotic long‐period behavior of magnetotelluric (MT) fields in the vicinity of lateral offsets in sedimentary basins. The model is based on the distortion or channeling of telluric currents in a horizontal thin sheet. Although a gross oversimplification of nature, the model represents a class of structures which, because of excessive computer costs, have been relatively unstudied previously. Within, and closely adjacent to, the region of the three‐dimensional (3-D) offset, significant distortion of the MT parameters occurs. Skewness coefficients vary from negligible values to over 0.7. Principal resistivities vary by an order of magnitude. On the other hand, there is not a clear correlation between the degree of distortion of the parameters usually evaluated during MT surveys and the magnitude of conventional 3-D indicators (e.g., the skewness coefficient). Calculations have simulated the technique of averaging resistivity parameters from a large number of field sites in order to arrive at a regionally representative one‐dimensional (1-D) model. The results indicate that unless care is taken in adapting the nature of the averaging algorithm to the class of distortions encountered, significant bias of the averaged parameters may result. Our results also suggest that for this class of structures grave problems may be associated with using the principal resistivity perpendicular to geologic strike, the so‐called transverse magnetic (TM) mode, to infer an equivalent two‐dimensional (2-D) model for the region. A 2-D model would likely show significant modulations in the physical character of the basement which are, in fact, an artifact of telluric distortion caused by current channeling in the surficial heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Micro-tensile behavior of Scots pine sapwood after heat treatments in superheated steam or pressurized hot water

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (26) ◽  
pp. 12621-12635
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Daniela Altgen ◽  
Suvi Kyyrö ◽  
Hanna Seppäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Hot Water

scholarly journals Advanced Effect of Moringa oleifera Bioconversion by Rhizopus oligosporus on the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: Preliminary Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sang-sun Hur ◽  
Suk-won Choi ◽  
Dong-ryul Lee ◽  
Jong-hwan Park ◽  
Tae-ho Chung
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rhizopus Oligosporus ◽  
Fermented Product ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Preliminary Study

This study was conducted to determine if topical application of Moringa oleifera extracts and its bioconversion product fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus has therapeutic properties enhancement for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Rhizopus oligosporus (KCCM 11232P) was used to ferment Moringa leaves’ extracts in this study. Comparison of organic acids and flavonols in Moringa simple extracts and their fermented product by HPLC analysis revealed that concentration of organic acids and flavonols of bioconversion product was lower than that of hot water extracts. The fermentation process is used as a nutrient for isolation of each component by microorganisms and growth of microorganisms. The results demonstrated that MF extracts effectively reduced clinical features based on macrography, scratching count, and severity scores, as well as model’s serum IgE level, including histopathological analyses.

scholarly journals Effect of Superheated Steam and Hot Water Spray Treatment on Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Sweet Potato Leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Kazunori Sasaki ◽  
Itaru Sotome ◽  
Hiroshi Okadome ◽  
Yumi Kai ◽  
Tomoyuki Oki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase Activity ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves ◽  
Spray Treatment

scholarly journals Preliminary study of superheated steam spray drying: A case study with maltodextrin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maelada Fuengfoo ◽  
Sakamon Devahastin ◽  
Chalida Niumnuy ◽  
Somchart Soponronnarit
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Product Recovery ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Superheated Steam Drying ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Steam Drying

A spray dryer was modified and tested with superheated steam as the drying medium. The effect of the inlet temperature on the recovery and morphology of the dried powder was then investigated. The results were compared with those obtained from hot-air spray drying. The results showed that the use of superheated steam and an increase in the inlet temperature led to an increase in the product recovery. The morphological results correlated with those of the product recovery in that superheated steam powder exhibited more inflated skin, leading to less adhesion of the sprayed droplets to the dryer wall. Keywords: morphology; product recovery; spray drying; superheated steam drying.

scholarly journals ATR-FTIR-based fingerprinting of some Cucurbitaceae extracts: a preliminary study

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wirginia Kukula-Koch ◽  
Maciej Grzybek ◽  
Aneta Strachecka ◽  
Aleksandra Jaworska ◽  
Agnieszka Ludwiczuk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Seed Extracts

The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) fingerprinting of some selected cucurbits was performed on three types of seed extracts (alcoholic, cold-water, and hot-water) in order to elaborate a characteristic FTIR profile of their family representatives and to determine their biochemical content. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed on <em>Cucumis melo</em> subsp. <em>melo</em> var. <em>inodorus</em>, <em>Cucurbita pepo</em>, <em>C. maxima</em>, <em>C. pepo</em> var. <em>cylindrica</em>, <em>C. maxima</em> subsp. <em>maxima</em> convar. <em>maxima</em> ‘Hokkaido’ to determine the similarities between their seed extracts. The ethanol extract of the <em>C. pepo</em> seeds was different from the other seed extracts because in addition to esters, it contained free fatty acids, which could influence its pharmacological activity. The main variable differentiating the extracts was the absorption band at 2,920–2,925 cm<sup>−1</sup>, which represented saturated fatty acids. The obtained results were analyzed by various statistical tools to evaluate the fingerprints of the selected species of cucurbits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document