Defining archaeological features with electromagnetic surveys at the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site

Geophysics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1280-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinita A. Dalan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Historic Site ◽  
Landscape Modification ◽  
Flat Area ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Cahokia Mounds ◽  
A Site ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Area Of Application

Electromagnetic (EM) surveys have been used at the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site in southwestern Illinois to locate and define a number of buried archaeological features. Two instruments, Geonics EM31-D and EM38 conductivity meters, were employed to locate portions of a wooden stockade known as the Central Palisade; delineate a number of leveled earthen mounds; and explore a broad, flat area in the central portion of the site known as the Grand Plaza. EM surveys, together with limited excavation, provide a cost effective and nondestructive means of exploring a site as large and complex as Cahokia. Archaeological excavations confirmed that EM surveys were able to locate the Central Palisade, and more importantly, that they provided information on anthropogenically modified terrain within the Grand Plaza. The EM survey documented buried ridge and swale topography and borrow pits within this area. This evidence of landscape modification challenges previous conceptions about the extent of earthmoving at this important Mississippian center and suggests a promising area of application for EM surveys in archaeology.

Biological Synthesis of Nanosilver by Using Plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 1109 ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Nahar ◽  
Zarina Zakaria ◽  
U. Hashim ◽  
Md Fazlul Bari
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Promising Area

Nanotechnology is a most promising area that is increasing day by day and play a vital role in environments, biotechnological and biomedical fields. In recent years, the development of effective green chemistry methods for synthesis of various metal nanoparticles has become a main focus of researchers. They have investigated to find out a sustainable technique for production of well-characterized nanoparticles. A variety of chemical and physical methods have been exploited in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and these procedures remain expensive, high energy consumption and involve the use of hazardous chemicals. Therefore, there is an essential need to develop environmentally benign and sustainable procedures for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Increasing awareness of green chemistry and biological processes has need to develop a rapid, simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly methods. One of the most considered methods is production of nanosilver using plants and plant-derived materials which is the best candidates and suitable for large-scale biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Eco-friendly bio-organisms in plant extracts contain proteins, which act as both capping and reducing agents forming of stable and shape-controlled AgNPs. This review describes the recent advancements in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plants.

Geophysical Surveys as Landscape Archaeology

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Kvamme
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
Cultural Resource Management ◽  
Surface Inspection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Feature Discovery ◽  
A Site ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Recent advances in technology and practice allow geophysical surveys in archaeology to produce maps of subsurface features over large areas and in potentially great detail. It is shown through a series of case studies from two regions in North America that archaeo-geophysical surveys can produce primary information suitable for the study of site content, structure and organization, for examining spatial patterns and relationships, and for directly confronting specific questions about a site and the past. Because large buried cultural landscapes can now be revealed, it is argued that an alternative perspective on regional or landscape archaeology may be possible because space can be viewed in terms of tens of hectares as opposed to the tens of square meters typical of archaeological excavations. Moreover, by placing focus on such buried features as dwellings, storage facilities, public structures, middens, fortifications, trails, or garden spaces that are not commonly revealed through most contemporary surface inspection methods, a richer view of archaeology, the past, and cultural landscapes can be achieved. Archaeo-geophysical surveys can also play an important role in Cultural Resource Management (CRM) contexts as feature discovery tools for focusing expensive excavations, thereby reducing the amount needed and lowering costs. Their utility is weighed against shovel test pits as a primitive and costly form of prospecting.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF ASSESSMENT OF FISHERIES INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS: THEORETICAL ASPECTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Dobrovolska ◽  
Oksana Zubko
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Industry Competitiveness ◽  
Sustainable Competitive Advantages ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Fish Industry

The article identifies the need to assess the competitiveness of the fisheries industry, given that the fisheries industry is one of the most promising and cost-effective areas of agribusiness development for small and medium-sized agricultural entities, and is of great interest to investors. The role and importance of the fish industry for the food security of the country are substantiated and it is determined that this industry is a promising area of development in the country. The scientific literature sources on the subject of the existing methods of assessing the competitiveness of the fisheries industry are analyzed and the main methodological approaches for assessing the level of competitiveness of the fisheries industry are determined, taking into account the specifics of the industry. The article provides a comparative analysis of methods for assessing the competitiveness of the fish industry, identifies the advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of applying this analysis. It is determined that the assessment of the competitiveness of the fisheries sector is an important element of ensuring effective management and a prerequisite for obtaining sustainable competitive advantages in the long run. The article states that the assessment of the competitiveness of the fisheries sector determines the favorable and unfavorable market positions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of fisheries. It is noted that the competitiveness of the industry is an aggregate indicator of the potential of all structural units and elements of the industry's potential, as well as its ability to prevent and respond quickly and adapt to changing environmental factors. It is emphasized that there is no single methodology for assessing the competitiveness of both the enterprise and the fisheries industry today, which is primarily due to the ambiguity of the interpretation of the very concept of competitiveness. Based on the fact that the competitiveness of the enterprise and the industry as a whole in modern conditions is one of the defining characteristics of the efficiency of its economic activity and, at the same time, opportunities for further development, the article defines the concepts of "industry competitiveness" and "industry competitiveness assessment".

Databases for Multiple Archaeological Excavations and Internet Applications

2009 ◽  
pp. 1420-1445
Author(s):  
Athanasios Karamalis
Keyword(s):  
Data Recording ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Internet Applications ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Excavation Process ◽  
Long Time ◽  
A Site ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
The Way

The science of Archaeology has been in existence for a long time and the way an archaeological excavation is conducted hasn’t changed much. However, the way archaeological data is recorded has changed dramatically by the progress of technology and the widespread use of computers. Nowadays, almost any archaeological excavation uses databases to record not only the objects which have been found, but also the various data which come up during the excavation process (Lock, 2003). Many remarkable researches have been conducted by archaeologists who developed standards and methods for recording the data which was produced during an archaeological excavation. Although many excavators use particular standards and methods for data recording, these usually cannot be completely implemented and have to be adapted to the particular requirements of the excavation. The reasons why this is happening are the various differences excavations have; in how archaeologists excavate a site, which data is recorded and how the data is characterized (we will discuss further this topic in the following chapters).

scholarly journals What is Ahead for Intensive Pine Plantation Silviculture in the South?

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lee Allen ◽  
Thomas R. Fox ◽  
Robert G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Nutrient Additions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Site

Abstract The southeastern United States produces more industrial timber than any other region of the world from a forest base that includes almost one-half of the world's industrial forest plantations. Although current growth rates are substantially lower than in many other forest plantation areas in the world, growth rates exceeding 10 tons/acre/year are biologically possible and financially attractive in the region. Dramatic gains in growth and value became possible as we recognized that intensive plantation silviculture is like agriculture: Both the plant and the soil need to be actively managed to optimize value. Optimizing value starts with planting high-quality seedlings or plantlets from the best families of the right species to a site where competing vegetation has been suppressed and where the soil may have been tilled and/or fertilized to improve early tree growth. In most cases, these treatments will need to be followed by competing vegetation suppression, repeated nutrient additions, thinning, and pruning – treatments that provide needed resources to the appropriate number of quality crop trees. Several challenges remain to implement the silvicultural systems needed to fully realize the potential value of our plantations in a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner; however, looking into the future, we see clonal plantations, whole rotation resource management regimes, use of spatially explicit spectral reflectance data as a major information source, active management to minimize insect and disease losses, and more attention to growing wood for specific products. South. J. Appl. For. 29(2):62–69.

scholarly journals Pan Traps for Tracking Honey Bee Activity-Density: A Case Study in Soybeans

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Ashley L. St. Clair ◽  
Adam G. Dolezal ◽  
Matthew E. O’Neal ◽  
Amy L. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Activity Density ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
A Site ◽  
Monitoring Activity ◽  
Pan Traps

To study how honey bees utilize forage resources and guide pollination management plans in crops, a multitude of methods have been developed, but most are time consuming, costly, and require specialized skills. Colored pan traps for monitoring activity-density are a simple, efficient, and cost-effective alternative; however, their usefulness for studying honey bees is not well described. We examined if trap color, location within a field, and the presence of managed colonies affected estimates of honey bee activity-density within soybean fields. Soybeans are visited by pollinators but do not require these visits for seed development. Pan traps, especially those colored blue, captured more honey bees when colonies were present. There were no differences in activity-density based on placement of traps within a field nor with increasing distance from colonies. Throughout the season, activity-density in soybeans was constant but tripled after soybean ceased blooming, suggesting spikes in pan trap captures may indicate periods of forage scarcity. Activity-density did not correlate with the population size of worker bees at a site, but did correlate with number of colonies present. We conclude that pan traps can be useful for assessing honey bee activity, particularly for estimating colony presence and identifying times of forage scarcity.

Transfigured Patterns: Contesting Memories at the Manzanar National Historic Site

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT T. HAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
World War ◽  
Historic Site ◽  
Park Service ◽  
A Site

On February 18, 1992 the United States Congress passed legislation establishing the Man-zanar National Historic Site, an act that would turn the neglected site of a former American concentration camp for Japanese Americans into a site of national remembrance for all Americans. This article discusses the legislative process involving Manzanar's designation as a National Historic Site and how it reveals the ongoing tendency to equate American Nikkei history with only the World War II period. The creation and subsequent interpretation of the site also highlighted the complications of identifying a place with only one layer of its history. The recognition and interpretation of Manzanar threatened the maintenance of local histories and led to contestations between California residents, Japanese Americans, the National Park Service, and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.

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