Two algorithms to stabilize multidirectional Poynting vectors for calculating angle gathers from reverse time migration

Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. S129-S141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Tang ◽  
George A. McMechan ◽  
Deli Wang

Angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) obtained from reverse time migration are important for velocity and reflectivity inversion. Using the Poynting vector (PV) is an efficient way to calculate ADCIGs, but it suffers from inaccuracy and instability. A well-known reason is that a PV can give only one direction per grid point per time step, and thus it cannot calculate the individual directions of overlapping wavefields. This problem can be addressed by using a multidirectional PV (MPV), which decomposes the wavefields into several “approximate” directions and then calculates PVs for each decomposed wavefield. However, the MPV still suffers from another instability problem. The PV is the product of the time and space derivatives of the wavefield, and so it will be zero when the magnitude of the wavefield is at a local peak, which means that the directions are undefined. This leads to unstable points when the wavefields are close to a local magnitude peak, and it thus reduces the quality of the ADCIGs. We have developed two methods to stabilize the MPVs. The first method makes use of the property that the seismic wavelet has a short time duration, during which the propagation direction is stable. Thus, for each point in a decomposed wavefield, a time shift is used to locate the optimal PV during a short time duration, and the optimal location coincides with the local maximum magnitude of the time derivative. Therefore, there is a time shift between the wavefield and its corresponding PV. The second method combines the existing optical flow (OF) with the multidirectional scheme to produce a multidirectional OF (MOF). The MOF is iterative, and thus it has greater computational complexity. Numerical examples show that the time-shift MPV and MOF give more accurate ADCIGs than those using MPV only.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael L. de Araújo ◽  
Reynam Da C. Pestana

ABSTRACT. Within the seismic method, in order to obtain an accurate image, it is necessary to use some processing techniques, among them the seismic migration. The reverse time migration (RTM) uses the complete wave equation, which implicitly includes multiple arrivals, can image all dips and, therefore, makes it possible to image complex structures. However, its application on 3D pre-stack data is still restricted due to the enormous computational effort required. With recent technological advances and faster computers, 3D pre-stack RTM is being used to address the imaging challenges posed by sub-salt and other complex subsurface targets. Thus, in order to balance processing cost and with image’s quality and confiability, different numeric methods are used to compute the migration. This work presents two different ways of performing the reverse time migration using the complete wave equation: RTMby interpolation and by the pseudo-analytical method. The first migrates the data with different constant velocities and interpolate the results, while the second uses modifications in the computation of the Laplacian operator inorder to improve the finite difference scheme used to approximate the second-order time derivative, making it possible to propagate the wave field stably even using larger time steps. The method’s applicability was tested by the migration of two-dimensional pre- and pos-stack synthetic datasets, the SEG/EAGE salt model and the Marmousi model. A real pre-stack data from the Gulf of Mexico was migrated successfully and is also presented. Through the numerical examples the applicabilityand robustness of these methods were proved and it was also showed that they can extrapolate wavefields with a much larger time step than commonly used.Keywords: acoustic wave equation, seismic migration, reverse time migration, pseudo-spectral method, pseudo-analytical method, pseudo-Laplacian operator. RESUMO. No método sísmico, a fim de se obter uma imagem precisa, faz-se necessário o uso de técnicas de processamento, entre elas a migração sísmica.A migração reversa no tempo (RTM) empregada aqui não é um conceito novo. Ela usa a equação completa da onda, implicitamente inclui múltiplas chegadas, consegue imagear todos os mergulhos e, assim, possibilita o imageamento de estruturas complexas. Porém, sua aplicação em problemas 3D pré-empilhamento continua endo restrita por conta do grande esforço computacional requerido. Mas, recentemente, com o avanço tecnológico e computadores mais rápidos, a migração 3D pré-empilhamento tem sido aplicada, especialmente, em problemas de difícil imageamento, como o de estruturas complexas em regiões de pré-sal. Assim, com o intuito de equilibrar o custo de processamento com a qualidade e confiabilidade da imagem obtida, são utilizados diferentes métodos numéricos para computar a migração. Este trabalho apresenta duas diferentes maneiras de se realizar a migração reversa no tempo partindo da solução exata da equação completa da onda: RTM por interpolação e pelo método pseudo-analítico. No método de interpolação, a migração é aplicada utilizando-se várias velocidades constantes, seguido de um procedimento de interpolação para obter a imagem migrada através da composição das imagens computadas a partir dessas velocidades constantes. Já no método pseudo-analítico, introduz-se modificações no cálculo do operador Laplaciano visando melhorar a aproximação da derivada segunda no tempo, que são feitas por esquemas de diferenças finitas de segunda ordem, possibilitando assim propagar o campo de onda de forma estável usando-se passos maiores no tempo. A aplicabilidadedas metodologias foi testada por meio da migração de dados bidimensionais sintéticos pré e pós-empilhamento, o modelo de domo de sal da SEG/EAGE e o modelo Marmousi. Um dado real bidimensional, adquirido no Golfo do México não empilhado, também, foi usado e migrado com sucesso. Assim, através desses exemplos numéricos, mostra-se a aplicabilidade e a robustez desses novos métodos de migração reversa no tempo no imageamento de estruturas complexas com os campos de ondas propagados com passos maiores no tempo do que os usados comumente.Palavras-chave: equação da onda, migração sísmica, migração reversa no tempo, método pseudo-espectral, método pseudo-analítico, operador pseudo-Laplaciano.


Geophysics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. S177-S185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekkehart Tessmer

Reverse-time migration is based on seismic forward modeling algorithms, where spatial derivatives usually are calculated by finite differences or by the Fourier method. Time integration in general is done by finite-difference time stepping of low orders. If the spatial derivatives are calculated by high-order methods and time stepping is based on low-order methods, there is an imbalance that might require that the time-step size needs to be very small to avoid numerical dispersion. As a result, computing times increase. Using the rapid expansion method (REM) avoids numerical dispersion if the number of expansion terms is chosen properly. Comparisons with analytical solutions show that the REM is preferable, especially at larger propagation times. For reverse-time migration, the REM needs to be applied in a time-stepping manner. This is necessary because the original implementation based on very large time spans requires that the source term is separable in space and time. This is not appropriate for reverse-time migration where the sources have different time histories. In reverse-time migration, it might be desirable to use the Poynting vector information to estimate opening angles to improve the quality of the image. In the solution of the wave equation, this requires that one calculates not only the pressure wavefield but also its time derivative. The rapid expansion method can be extended easily to provide this time derivative with negligible extra cost.


Geophysics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. S65-S77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Jin ◽  
George A. McMechan ◽  
Bao Nguyen

We have developed a new method of extracting angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) from prestack reverse time migration (RTM) that has minimal intermediate storage requirements. To include multipathing, we applied an imaging condition for prestack RTM that uses multiple excitation image times. Instead of saving the full-source snapshots at all time steps, we picked and saved only a few of the highest amplitude arrivals, and their corresponding excitation times, of the source wavefield at each grid point, and we crosscorrelated with the receiver wavefield. When extracting the ADCIGs from RTM, we calculated the source propagation direction from the gradient of the excitation times. The result was that the source time snapshots do not have to be saved or reconstructed during RTM or while extracting ADCIGs. We calculated the receiver propagation direction from Poynting vectors during the receiver extrapolation at each time step and the reflector normal direction by the phase-gradient method. With a new strategy that uses three direction vectors (the source and receiver propagation directions as well as the reflector normal direction), we provided more reliable ADCIGs that are free of low-wavenumber artifacts than any two of them do separately, when the migration velocity model was near to the correct velocity model. The 2D and 3D synthetic tests demonstrated the successful application of the new algorithms with acceptable accuracy, improved storage efficiency, and without an input/output bottleneck.


Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. S359-S376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Tang ◽  
George A. McMechan

Because receiver wavefields reconstructed from observed data are not as stable as synthetic source wavefields, the source-propagation vector and the reflector normal have often been used to calculate angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) from reverse time migration. However, the existing data flows have three main limitations: (1) Calculating the propagation direction only at the wavefields with maximum amplitudes ignores multiarrivals; using the crosscorrelation imaging condition at each time step can include the multiarrivals but will result in backscattering artifacts. (2) Neither amplitude picking nor Poynting-vector calculations are accurate for overlapping wavefields. (3) Calculating the reflector normal in space is not accurate for a structurally complicated reflection image, and calculating it in the wavenumber ([Formula: see text]) domain may give Fourier truncation artifacts. We address these three limitations in an improved data flow with two steps: During imaging, we use a multidirectional Poynting vector (MPV) to calculate the propagation vectors of the source wavefield at each time step and output intermediate source-angle-domain CIGs (SACIGs). After imaging, we use an antitruncation-artifact Fourier transform (ATFT) to convert SACIGs to ADCIGs in the [Formula: see text]-domain. To achieve the new flow, another three innovative aspects are included. In the first step, we develop an angle-tapering scheme to remove the Fourier truncation artifacts during the wave decomposition (of MPV) while preserving the amplitudes, and we use a wavefield decomposition plus angle-filter imaging condition to remove the backscattering artifacts in the SACIGs. In the second step, we compare two algorithms to remove the Fourier truncation artifacts that are caused by the plane-wave assumption. One uses an antileakage FT (ALFT) in local windows; the other uses an antitruncation-artifact FT, which relaxes the plane-wave assumption and thus can be done for the global space. The second algorithm is preferred. Numerical tests indicate that this new flow (source-side MPV plus ATFT) gives high-quality ADCIGs.


Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-76
Author(s):  
Zhiming Ren ◽  
Qianzong Bao ◽  
Shigang Xu

Reverse time migration (RTM) generally uses the zero-lag crosscorrelation imaging condition, requiring the source and receiver wavefields to be known at the same time step. However, the receiver wavefield is calculated in time-reversed order, opposite to the order of the forward-propagated source wavefield. The inconvenience can be resolved by storing the source wavefield on a computer memory/disk or by reconstructing the source wavefield on the fly for multiplication with the receiver wavefield. The storage requirements for the former approach can be very large. Hence, we have followed the latter route and developed an efficient source wavefield reconstruction method. During forward propagation, the boundary wavefields at N layers of the spatial grid points and a linear combination of wavefields at M − N layers of the spatial grid points are stored. During backward propagation, it reconstructs the source wavefield using the saved wavefields based on a new finite-difference stencil ( M is the operator length parameter, and 0 ≤  N ≤  M). Unlike existing methods, our method allows a trade-off between accuracy and storage by adjusting N. A maximum-norm-based objective function is constructed to optimize the reconstruction coefficients based on the minimax approximation using the Remez exchange algorithm. Dispersion and stability analyses reveal that our method is more accurate and marginally less stable than the method that requires storage of a combination of boundary wavefields. Our method has been applied to 3D RTM on synthetic and field data. Numerical examples indicate that our method with N = 1 can produce images that are close to those obtained using a conventional method of storing M layers of boundary wavefields. The memory usage of our method is ( N + 1)/ M times that of the conventional method.


Geophysics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. S375-S385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Duveneck

Reverse time migration (RTM) is normally based on wavefield modeling that allows wave propagation in all spatial directions. While this is one of the strengths of RTM, it can also lead to undesired effects, including partial image amplitude cancellation for reflectors that are illuminated and imaged from two sides, as well as the appearance of ghost-reflection artifacts if the modeled source- and receiver-side wavefields are both scattered back from a hard model contrast. Both issues can be addressed by separating the seismic depth image into components imaged from above and components imaged from below. I derive and compare two methods that directly achieve such an image up/down separation, without relying on an up/down separation of the individual simulated wavefields used for imaging. The first method is based on the formation of time-shift gathers during imaging and filtering out events with either positive or negative slopes in these gathers, corresponding to imaging from below or above, respectively. The second method is a new image up/down separation approach inspired by previously published wavefield up/down separation approaches. It involves combining a migrated image with an additional version of the image, obtained by applying a temporal Hilbert transform to the input data and a subsequent Hilbert transform in depth on the migrated image. Compared with approaches based on up/down separation of the individual wavefields, the presented direct image up/down separation methods have distinctive advantages. While the approach based on filtering of time-shift gathers is efficient and offers considerable flexibility, the approach based on Hilbert transforms is attractive because of its simplicity since no changes to the migration algorithm itself are required. I demonstrate both image up/down separation methods on synthetic and real data and show that both methods lead to very similar results.


2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguang Xue ◽  
Sergey Fomel ◽  
Junzhe Sun

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