The Natural History of Behavioural Symptoms among Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Patients

1984 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Reid ◽  
B. R. Ballinger ◽  
B. B. Heather ◽  
S. J. Melvin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Symptoms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Descriptive Sense

SummaryIn a study of the evolution of behavioural symptoms in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults in hospital over a period of six years, items of abnormal behaviour were found to be remarkably persistent. There is a high prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder in this population, when this disorder is defined in a widely descriptive sense. A substantially improved living environment, and increased staff-patient ratios, are prerequisites for improving disturbed behaviour in these patients.

scholarly journals Behavioural symptoms among people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities: A 26-year follow-up study

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina L. Thompson ◽  
Andrew Reid
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Behavioural Symptoms ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
History Of

BackgroundVery little is known about the natural history of challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder in people with severe and profound degrees of intellectual disability.AimsTo clarify the natural history of challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder in this population through a long-term prospective cohort study over a 26-year period.MethodOne hundred individuals with severe or profound intellectual disability were randomly selected in 1975. Their behaviour was recorded through carer and psychiatrist ratings using the Modified Manifest Abnormality Scale of the Clinical Interview Schedule. The presence and severity of psychiatric disorder were also recorded. The study was repeated in 1981/82 and 1992/93. We repeated the study again in 2001, supplementing the original observational data with the Checklist of Challenging Behaviour.ResultsBehavioural symptomatology is remarkably persistent, particularly stereotypy, emotional abnormalities, eye avoidance and overactivity although the severity of overall psychiatric disorder does show some abatement through time.ConclusionsThese findings influence the prospects of success in relocating adults with severe and profound degrees of intellectual disability back into the community.

Psychopathology in Institutionalised Mentally Retarded Adults

1990 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav M. Linaker ◽  
Rune Nitter
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Level Of Functioning ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Axis I Disorders ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Axis I

The clients in an institution for the mentally retarded were screened for signs of psychopathology with the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA). Of the 168 clients, 146 satisfied criteria for DSM–III axis I disorders, and 153 satisfied criteria for at least one disorder on either axis I or II. Multiple diagnoses were common, and a total of 288 diagnoses were found. No particular disorder was found to be more prevalent in those with organic brain dysfunction. The level of functioning was not found to predispose to any particular diagnosis. There was a positive relationship between the presence of a psychiatric disorder and the resources available to the clients and the activities offered. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was extremely high in the population studied, with the exception of the affective disorders, of which no case was found. One possible reason for this high prevalence is that deinstitutionalisation leaves behind those with the more severe behavioural problems.

Incidence and natural history of preeclampsia/eclampsia at the university maternity of Antananarivo, Madagascar: high prevalence of the early-onset condition

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 3266-3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriamanetsiarivo Tanjona Ratsiatosika ◽  
Eric Razafimanantsoa ◽  
Valéry Bruno Andriantoky ◽  
Noël Ravoavison ◽  
Rakotovao Andrianampanalinarivo Hery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Onset Condition ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

Natural History of Otitis Media in the American Native

1980 ◽  
Vol 89 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Wiet ◽  
Joseph Stewart ◽  
G. Bruce Deblanc ◽  
Dudley J. Weider
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Chronic Form ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of

Otitis media is the leading reportable disease among the Indian and Eskimo population. In addition, its prevalence is more frequent in American natives than in Caucasians or Negroes. An attempt herewith is made to delineate the factors that account for the high prevalence of otitis media in the acute and chronic form. Secondly, the characteristic morbid complications of otitis media in this population are evaluated.

scholarly journals Analysis and natural history of pituitary incidentalomas

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ali Imran ◽  
Churn-Ern Yip ◽  
Netee Papneja ◽  
Khaled Aldahmani ◽  
Syed Mohammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Surgery Group ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Objectives Pituitary incidentalomas (PI) are frequently found on brain imaging. Despite their high prevalence, little is known about their long-term natural history and there are limited guidelines on how to monitor them. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to compare epidemiological characteristics at presentation and the natural history of PI in population-based vs referral-based registries from two tertiary-care referral centers in Canada. Results A total of 328 patients with PI were included, of whom 73% had pituitary adenomas (PA) and 27% had non-pituitary sellar masses. The commonest indications for imaging were headache (28%), dizziness (12%) and stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) (9%). There was a slight female preponderance (52%) with a median age of 55 years at diagnosis; 71% presented as macroadenomas (>10mm). Of PA, 25% were functioning tumors and at presentation 36% of patients had evidence of secondary hormonal deficiency (SHD). Of the total cohort, 68% were treated medically or conservatively whereas 32% required surgery. Most tumors (87% in non-surgery and 68% in post-surgery group) remained stable during follow-up. Similarly, 84% of patients in the non-surgery and 73% in the surgery group did not develop additional SHD during follow-up. The diagnosis of non-functioning adenoma was a risk factor for tumor enlargement and a change in SHD status was associated with a change in tumor size. Conclusions Our data suggest that most PI seen in tertiary-care referral centers present as macroadenomas and may frequently be functional, often requiring medical or surgical intervention.

scholarly journals Testicular Tuberculosis in an HIV Positive Patient Co-infection with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mimicking Malignancy: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Wahyu Agung Purnomo ◽  
Tutik Kusmiati ◽  
Soedarsono Soedarsono
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Scrotal Mass ◽  
High Prevalence Rate ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of

Background: Extrapulmonary involvement can be seen in more than 50% of patients with concurrent HIV and tuberculosis (TB). Approximately 7% of those are presented as a rare case, namely testicular TB, with scrotal mass as common clinical manifestation. Testicular TB should be a different diagnosis, especially in areas with a high prevalence rate for TB.Case: A 24-year-old male with HIV positive co-infection with pulmonary TB presented with a progressively increasing painless right testicular swelling of 1-month duration. History of chronic cough was complained, accompanied by loss of appetite and decrease of body weight. There was no history of testicular traumatic accident before. Genital examination was right testicular mass measuring 7cm x 4cm and depletion of right side scrotal skin with pus and necrotic tissue. He had right orchidectomy by an urologist in a private hospital; then an anatomical pathology was examined. The result of the microscopic evaluation showed granuloma inflammation process typical for orchitis tuberculosis. The patient was reactive for HIV and had Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) detected, Rifampicin resistant not recognized as the result of Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay.Conclusion: Although a rare case, testicular TB should be a different diagnosis when there is a patient with HIV positive concurrent pulmonary TB with scrotal mass as clinical manifestation, especially in areas with a high prevalence rate for TB.

How is the moral stance related to the intentional stance and group thinking?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Rakoczy
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Thinking ◽  
Moral Stance

Abstract The natural history of our moral stance told here in this commentary reveals the close nexus of morality and basic social-cognitive capacities. Big mysteries about morality thus transform into smaller and more manageable ones. Here, I raise questions regarding the conceptual, ontogenetic, and evolutionary relations of the moral stance to the intentional and group stances and to shared intentionality.

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