Oral administration of Lactococcus lactis WHH2078 alleviates depressive and anxiety symptoms in mice with induced chronic stress

Depression is a mood disorder with a high prevalence rate globally, which is associated with abnormalities in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests that certain probiotics that modulate 5-HT metabolism...

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among Patients Visiting Nepal Police Hospital in Kathmandu: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is a critical threat for global health,including in Nepal, especially in Kathmandu District, where diabetic patients are increasing in hospitals catastrophically. This study tends to assess the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes among admitted patients visiting a hospital in Kathmandu. Methods: An electronic chart review was done to assess the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in NepalPolice hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ethical approval was taken from the Nepal Health ResearchCouncil. Considering eligibility criteria, 8631 cases from 4 May 2018 to 31 August 2020 wereobserved. The calculated sample size was 500. However, all diabetic cases, i.e., 576, were processedand analyzed using Python and later visualized using MS Excel. Results: The overall prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes was 6.67%. The prevalence rate was seen higher among males (7.5%). Similarly, a high prevalence rate was seen among 64-73 years, i.e., 15.10%. Conclusions: The findings showed a high prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes. Older age groups are athigh risk. Urgent public health interventions including lifestyle modification measures are requiredto reduce the extra burden of type 2 diabetes.

Different Bifidobacterium bifidum strains change the intestinal flora composition of mice via different mechanisms to alleviate loperamide-induced constipation.

Constipation is a condition with a high prevalence rate worldwide and may occur in men and women of any age. Bifidobacterium bifidum has been shown to have a relieving effect...

MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT PILONIDAL SINUS WITH KSHARALEPA: A CASE REPORT

Pilonidal Sinus (PNS) is a commonest presentation in surgical practice with a high prevalence rate at more than 1 million cases per year in India, where as incidence is about 26 per 1,00,000 population. A 30-year-old male patient presented with PNS after an unsuccessful excision followed by antibiotic therapy. The challenge in this case was not only to excise the tract but also preventing its recurrence. Adopting the principles of Vranopakramas using Ksharakarma, Utsadana karma described in Ayurveda helped to manage the PNS effectively without any recurrence after 32 months of follow-up.

Testicular Tuberculosis in an HIV Positive Patient Co-infection with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mimicking Malignancy: A Case Report

Background: Extrapulmonary involvement can be seen in more than 50% of patients with concurrent HIV and tuberculosis (TB). Approximately 7% of those are presented as a rare case, namely testicular TB, with scrotal mass as common clinical manifestation. Testicular TB should be a different diagnosis, especially in areas with a high prevalence rate for TB.Case: A 24-year-old male with HIV positive co-infection with pulmonary TB presented with a progressively increasing painless right testicular swelling of 1-month duration. History of chronic cough was complained, accompanied by loss of appetite and decrease of body weight. There was no history of testicular traumatic accident before. Genital examination was right testicular mass measuring 7cm x 4cm and depletion of right side scrotal skin with pus and necrotic tissue. He had right orchidectomy by an urologist in a private hospital; then an anatomical pathology was examined. The result of the microscopic evaluation showed granuloma inflammation process typical for orchitis tuberculosis. The patient was reactive for HIV and had Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) detected, Rifampicin resistant not recognized as the result of Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay.Conclusion: Although a rare case, testicular TB should be a different diagnosis when there is a patient with HIV positive concurrent pulmonary TB with scrotal mass as clinical manifestation, especially in areas with a high prevalence rate for TB.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Functional Disability among Internally Displaced Persons in North-East Nigeria

The prolonged Boko Haram crises in North-East Nigeria caused serious displacement and left the survivors with multiple psychological consequences such as Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A high prevalence rate of PTSD among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) has been reported across literatures. This study aimed to determine the factors that are associated with PTSD and its relationship with functional disability among IDPs in Yobe State, Nigeria. This was a cross sectional study of 450 respondents, recruited using a systematic sampling method. We used Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to screen for symptoms of PTSD and definite diagnosis made with WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), PTSD Module. Hopkins Symptom Checklist was used for symptoms of depression and definite diagnosis made with CIDI Depression Module. The WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 was used to measure functional disability. There were 192 (45.5%) males and 230(54.5%) female respondents. The mean age of respondents was 39.4±18.50 years with range of 18-80 years. Significant PTSD symptoms were found among 159(37.7%) of the IDPs while Clinical interview gave a definite prevalence of 18.5%. Two hundred and forty-four (57.8%) of the respondents had disability scores in the mild range, 17.5% in the moderate range while 20.7% were in the severe range. Majority of those with disability scores in the severe range had PTSD. Factors significantly associated with PTSD were age, marital status, duration of displacement, type of abode, general living condition, self-reported general health, and disability score. A High prevalence rate of PTSD was found among IDPs and the severity of disability correlated well with having diagnosis of PTSD in the study.

Neuroimage Studies: The Effect of Methylphenidate in Cocaine Users with ADHD

BackgroundAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important contributing factor in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders (SUD), and ADHD occurs more often in populations with SUD compared to the general population. This high prevalence rate and comorbidity may relate to a shared neurobiological vulnerability, including a deregulation of the brain's dopamine system. This comorbidity directly impacts the treatment of ADHD: treatment with methylphenidate is less effective in patients with ADHD and SUD compared to ADHD patients without SUD.MethodsWe investigate the underlying neurobiological background of reduced treatment effectiveness for adult ADHD patients with comorbid SUD.ResultsWe observed lower available dopamine transporters, as well as a reduced binding of methylphenidate to these transporters, and more neurocognitive dysfunction in adults ADHD patients with SUD compared to ADHD patients without SUD.ConclusionComorbid ADHD and SUD has a high prevalence rate and reduces ADHD treatment effectiveness, which makes it necessary to screen for the presence of ADHD in patients seeking SUD treatment. Neurobiological and neurocognitive differences are present between ADHD patients with and without SUD, which together may partially explain the reduced effectiveness of methylphenidate in adult ADHD patients with SUD.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.