The Effect of Neuroleptics on Cognitive and Psychomotor Function

1992 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. King ◽  
Geraldine Henry
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Psychomotor Function ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Subjective Alertness ◽  
Flicker Fusion

The effects of haloperidol (1 mg), benzhexol (5 mg), diazepam (10 mg) and caffeine (400 mg) on subjective and objective measures of cognitive and psychomotor function were compared with placebo in 20 healthy volunteers. While both diazepam and benzhexol were associated with highly significant impairments in subjective alertness, critical flicker fusion threshold and choice reaction time (CRT), haloperidol could not be distinguished from placebo in most tests but was actually associated with an apparent improvement in CRT (in males) and simple visual reaction time. The perceptual maze test detected impairment by benzhexol on processing speed but was not sensitive to any other drug effects. Multiple-dose studies are required to establish if there is a true activating effect of haloperidol using a test of sustained attention. No effect of Eysenck personality subtype or life events on baseline or drug response data was detected.

scholarly journals Psychomotor function in children with epilepsy seen at a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria: does treatment with anti-epileptic drugs have any effect?

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Ehiabhi Ikhurionan ◽  
Olusola Peter Okunola ◽  
Blessing Imuetinyan Abhulimhen-Iyoha ◽  
Gabriel Egberue Ofovwe
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Idiopathic Epilepsy ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Psychomotor Function ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Psychomotor slowing is more commonly reported in children with epilepsy (CWE) compared to healthy controls. The effect of anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment on psychomotor abilities of CWE remains controversial. In Nigeria, psychomotor abilities of CWE are scarcely investigated and the impact of AEDs is not known. The present study sought to assess psychomotor performance of CWE compared to healthy controls and to determine any association with seizure characteristics and treatment. Method A comparative cross-sectional study involving 160 children with idiopathic epilepsy and 80 controls aged 6–16 years. Psychomotor function was assessed using reaction times and tapping task of the Iron psychology computerised test battery. The criterion for impairment was fixed at two standard deviations (SD) worse than the mean of age-matched controls. The relationship between seizure variables and psychomotor function was assess with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Result Fifty-nine (36.9%) CWE had impaired auditory reaction, 50 (31.3%) with impaired visual reaction and 11 (6.9%) had fine motor control impairment. There was no significant difference in psychomotor performance between CWE on AED and the newly diagnosed counterparts yet to start AED treatment (auditory reaction time—p = 0.226; visual reaction time—p = 0.349; tapping task—p = 0.818). AED treatment duration over 5 years was associated with better auditory reaction time (F = 4.631, p = 0.034) in CWE. Also, seizure onset before 5 years of age was associated with slower auditory reaction (F = 4.912, p = 0.028) and verbal reaction (F = 14.560, p < 0.001). Conclusion Nigerian CWE perform less favourably on tests of psychomotor function than healthy controls. The performance of children on AED is not significantly different from those not on AED. Longer duration of AED treatment may result in psychomotor improvement in CWE. CWE should be closely monitored for psychomotor slowness so that deficits can be identified and appropriate interventions instituted.

scholarly journals Improving the robustness of infant lexical processing speed measures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Egger ◽  
Caroline F Rowland ◽  
Christina Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Target Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Reaction

Visual reaction times to target pictures after naming events are an informative measurement in language acquisition research, because gaze shifts measured in looking-while-listening paradigms are an indicator of infants’ lexical speed of processing. This measure is very useful as it can be applied from a young age onwards and has been linked to later language development. However, to obtain valid reaction times, the infant is required to switch the fixation of their eyes from a distractor to a target object. This means that usually at least half the trials have to be discarded - those where the participant is already fixating the target at the onset of the target word - so that no reaction time can be measured. With few trials, reliability suffers, which is especially problematic when studying individual differences.In order to solve this problem, we developed a gaze-triggered looking-while-listening paradigm. The trials do not differ from the original paradigm apart from the fact that the target object is chosen depending on the infant’s eye fixation before naming. The object the infant is looking at becomes the distractor and the other object is used as the target, requiring a fixation switch, and thus providing a reaction time. We tested our paradigm with forty-three 18-month-old infants, comparing the results to those from the original paradigm. The gaze-triggered paradigm yielded more valid reaction time trials, as anticipated. The results of a ranked correlation between the conditions confirmed that the manipulated paradigm measures the same concept as the original paradigm.

scholarly journals Improving the robustness of infant lexical processing speed measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 2188-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Egger ◽  
Caroline F. Rowland ◽  
Christina Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Target Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Visual Reaction

Abstract Visual reaction times to target pictures after naming events are an informative measurement in language acquisition research, because gaze shifts measured in looking-while-listening paradigms are an indicator of infants’ lexical speed of processing. This measure is very useful, as it can be applied from a young age onwards and has been linked to later language development. However, to obtain valid reaction times, the infant is required to switch the fixation of their eyes from a distractor to a target object. This means that usually at least half the trials have to be discarded—those where the participant is already fixating the target at the onset of the target word—so that no reaction time can be measured. With few trials, reliability suffers, which is especially problematic when studying individual differences. In order to solve this problem, we developed a gaze-triggered looking-while-listening paradigm. The trials do not differ from the original paradigm apart from the fact that the target object is chosen depending on the infant’s eye fixation before naming. The object the infant is looking at becomes the distractor and the other object is used as the target, requiring a fixation switch, and thus providing a reaction time. We tested our paradigm with forty-three 18-month-old infants, comparing the results to those from the original paradigm. The Gaze-triggered paradigm yielded more valid reaction time trials, as anticipated. The results of a ranked correlation between the conditions confirmed that the manipulated paradigm measures the same concept as the original paradigm.

scholarly journals Two Separate, Large Cohorts Reveal Modifiers of Age-Related Change in Visual Reaction Time Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua S Talboom ◽  
Matt D De Both ◽  
Marcus A Naymic ◽  
Annie M Schmidt ◽  
Candace R Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
The Uk

To help identify factors influencing age-related cognitive decline and disease, a web-based simple visual reaction time (RT and svRT respectively, index of processing speed) and paired-associate learning (PAL, indexing of verbal episodic memory) task were implemented. Test results were combined with 22 survey questions. An analysis of RT and svTR data from the MindCrowd (n=75,666) cohort revealed education and reported stroke as potential modifiers of age-associated processing speed and memory decline. As a complement, we evaluated complex, recognition, reaction time (cvrRT) in the UK Biobank cohort and compared the results to a subset of the MindCrowd cohort, creating UKBb MindCrowd (n=39,795), mirroring the UK Biobank's (n=158,247) age range (40-70y). Many estimates from an identical linear model, used for both cohorts, were similar despite noted cohort differences (e.g., USA vs. the UK). Results from the UK Biobank that differed from UKBb MindCrowd included a first-degree family history Alzheimer's disease (FHAD) associated with slower cvrRTs and that sex and education affected age-related cvrRT slowing. While results from UKBb MindCrowd suggested that education and smoking status were related to opposite effects on age-related svRT slowing. MindCrowd's collected RT and PAL findings have begun to pull back the curtain on the intricate network connecting processing speed, memory, and cognition to healthy and pathological brain aging.

scholarly journals Study of Acute Effect of Caffeine on Cognition among Adults - A Cross Sectional Study from Puducherry, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
pp. 2924-2927
Author(s):  
Krishnan S ◽  
Smisha Mohan ◽  
Jeneth Berlin Raj T ◽  
Manikandan S
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flicker Fusion Frequency ◽  
Fusion Frequency ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Flicker Fusion

BACKGROUND Information processing has substantial role in performing intellectual activities such as thinking, reasoning, remembering, imagining, or learning. Caffeine being a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, improves mental performance, especially on alertness, attention, concentration and learning depending on the quantity of intake. In the present study, an attempt was made to study the effect of caffeine on cognitive processing in healthy individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 subjects at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) questionnaire was utilized to assess the level of cognition of each subject. Visual reaction time (VRT), auditory reaction time (ART) and critical fusion frequency (CFF) prior and after consumption of 75 mg of caffeine in 200 ml of milk, pre and post reaction time measurement were taken from the subject to address the difference in reaction time. RESULTS Both visual and auditory reaction time were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) after intake of caffeine. The ability of the subject to appreciate the flickering light stimuli to be steady (critical flicker fusion frequency) had significantly improved to 15 % after caffeine intake. CONCLUSIONS Decrease in visual and auditory reaction and increase in critical flicker fusion frequency values indicate that caffeine increases alertness thereby it may enhance performance efficiency in reasoning, planning, judgment, organizing, concept formation, and problem solving. KEY WORDS Visual Reaction Time, Auditory Reaction Time, MoCA

scholarly journals A comparative study to assess the effect of escitalopram and amitriptyline on psychomotor functions in patients of depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
Amit V. Mohite ◽  
Baliram V. Ghodke ◽  
Patil Arun W.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reuptake Inhibitor ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Psychomotor Function ◽  
Flicker Fusion Frequency ◽  
Visual Reaction

Background: Depression is a most common and widespread of all psychiatric disorders. Treatment of depression includes the use of antidepressants commonly used clinically such as tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Certain antidepressants apart from improvement in the symptoms found to have detrimental effect on cognitive and psychomotor function. Objective of this study was to assess and to compare the effect of escitalopram and amitriptyline on cognitive and psychomotor functionsMethods: Effect of escitalopram and amitriptyline on psychomotor function was assessed by using Critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) and Reaction time (RT) in patients of mild to moderate depression at the end of 2nd and 4th week of monotherapy.Results: Patients in both the group have their RT remained significantly higher (p<0.001) in comparison with control and CFF remained significantly lower at the end of both the week. There was a significant rise in CFF in escitalopram group as compared to amitriptyline (p<0.001). Escitalopram showed a significant improvement in Visual reaction time (VRT), Auditory reaction time (ART) and Choice reaction time (CRT) (p<0.001) compared to amitriptyline at both the follow ups.Conclusions: Findings of this study support the use of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) i.e. escitalopram which had shown less impairment of psychomotor function in patients of Depression as compared to amitriptyline (Tricyclic antidepressant), in special subgroups of population who operate machinery, drive vehicle or require alertness for the work.

scholarly journals A novel drug response score more accurately predicts renoprotective drug effects than existing renal risk scores

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204201882097419
Author(s):  
Nienke M. A. Idzerda ◽  
Sok Cin Tye ◽  
Dick de Zeeuw ◽  
Hiddo J. L. Heerspink
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Renal Outcome ◽  
Response Score

Background: Risk factor-based equations are used to predict risk of kidney disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes order to guide treatment decisions. It is, however, unknown whether these models can also be used to predict the effects of drugs on clinical outcomes. Methods: The previously developed Parameter Response Efficacy (PRE) score, which integrates multiple short-term drug effects, was first compared with the existing risk scores, Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) and The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) renal risk score, in its performance to predict end-stage renal disease (ESRD; KFRE) and doubling of serum creatinine or ESRD (ADVANCE). Second, changes in the risk scores were compared after 6 months’ treatment to predict the long-term effects of losartan on these renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Results: The KFRE, ADVANCE and PRE scores showed similarly good performance in predicting renal risk. However, for prediction of the effect of losartan, the KFRE risk score predicted a relative risk change in the occurrence of ESRD of 3.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) −5 to 12], whereas the observed risk change was −28.8% (95% CI −42.0 to −11.5). For the composite endpoint of doubling of serum creatinine or ESRD, the ADVANCE score predicted a risk change of −12.4% (95% CI −17 to −7), which underestimated the observed risk change −21.8% (95% CI −34 to −6). The PRE score predicted renal risk changes that were close to the observed risk changes with losartan treatment [−24.0% (95% CI −30 to −17) and −22.6% (95% CI −23 to −16) for ESRD and the composite renal outcome, respectively]. Conclusion: A drug response score such as the PRE score may assist in improving clinical decision making and implement precision medicine strategies.

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