Two Cases of Psychoses following Influenza, with Autopsies [Due casi di psicosi consecutiva ad influenza, con autopsia]. (Riv. di Pat. Nerv. e Ment., March, 1900.) Camia, M

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (198) ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
J. R. Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Small Patch ◽  
Rapid Pulse ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
Slight Rise ◽  
The Brain

The two cases are very similar. The first, a woman æt. 21, was admitted to the asylum on February 4th. A few days previously she had an attack of influenza, and during convalescence showed mental symptoms—wandering, buying useless articles, religious delusions. The chief symptoms on admission were sleeplessness, sitiophobia, motor agitation, incoherence, involuntary loss of fæces and urine, and destructiveness. She was oblivious to her surroundings. The temperature was slightly increased, pulse 120 per minute, and collapse and death occurred on February 12th. The second case, that of a woman æt. 47, had influenza on January 28th, with pulmonary symptoms. During convalescence she developed delusions that she was lost, became very excited, and entered asylum on February 8th. Her symptoms were very marked—loss of sleep, agitation, incoherence, then slight rise of temperature and rapid pulse; developed broncho-pneumonia, and died on February 13th. At the post-mortem there was found in both cases fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys, and marked hyperæmia of the brain and meninges. In the second case there was a small patch of broncho-pneumonia. In neither case was there any trace of exudation or softening, or any inflammatory condition in the brain. Microscopically the pyramidal cells in both cases showed marked loss of the chromatic substance, which was disintegrated and diffused throughout the cells. The cells were affected very unequally, some being fairly normal. The vessels in the cortex were gorged with blood.

Vorläufige Ergebnisse von 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT-Untersuchungen bei endogenen Psychosen

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
J. Schröder ◽  
H. Henningsen ◽  
H. Sauer ◽  
P. Georgi ◽  
K.-R. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Hmpao Spect ◽  
Endogenous Psychoses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
99Mtc Hmpao

18 psychopharmacologically treated patients (7 schizophrenics, 5 schizoaffectives, 6 depressives) were studied using 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT of the brain. The regional cerebral blood flow was measured in three transversal sections (infra-/supraventricular, ventricular) within 6 regions of interest (ROI) respectively (one frontal, one parietal and one occipital in each hemisphere). Corresponding ROIs of the same section in each hemisphere were compared. In the schizophrenics there was a significantly reduced perfusion in the left frontal region of the infraventricular and ventricular section (p < 0.02) compared with the data of the depressives. The schizoaffectives took an intermediate place. Since the patients were treated with psychopharmaca, the result must be interpreted cautiously. However, our findings seem to be in accordance with post-mortem-, CT- and PET-studies presented in the literature. Our results suggest that 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT may be helpful in finding cerebral abnormalities in endogenous psychoses.

scholarly journals Comparison of age‐dependent alterations in thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 2 expressions in hippocampi between mice and rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Ho Yoo ◽  
Dae Won Kim ◽  
Bai Hui Chen ◽  
Hyejin Sim ◽  
Bora Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cresyl Violet Staining ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Aging is one of major causes triggering neurophysiological changes in many brain substructures, including the hippocampus, which has a major role in learning and memory. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a class of small redox proteins. Among the Trx family, Trx2 plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and is controlled by TrxR2. Hitherto, age-dependent alterations in Trx2 and TrxR2 in aged hippocampi have been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine changes in Trx2 and TrxR2 in mouse and rat hippocampi by age and to compare their differences between mice and rats. Results Trx2 and TrxR2 levels using Western blots in mice were the highest at young age and gradually reduced with time, showing that no significant differences in the levels were found between the two subfields. In rats, however, their expression levels were the lowest at young age and gradually increased with time. Nevertheless, there were no differences in cellular distribution and morphology in their hippocampi when it was observed by cresyl violet staining. In addition, both Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the CA1-3 fields were mainly shown in pyramidal cells (principal cells), showing that their immunoreactivities were altered like changes in their protein levels. Conclusions Our current findings suggest that Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the brain may be different according to brain regions, age and species. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the reasons of the differences of Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the hippocampus between mice and rats.

Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Gilmore ◽  
JJG Geurts ◽  
N Evangelou ◽  
JCJ Bot ◽  
RA van Schijndel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
High Field ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
The Brain

Background Post-mortem studies demonstrate extensive grey matter demyelination in MS, both in the brain and in the spinal cord. However the clinical significance of these plaques is unclear, largely because they are grossly underestimated by MR imaging at conventional field strengths. Indeed post-mortem MR studies suggest the great majority of lesions in the cerebral cortex go undetected, even when performed at high field. Similar studies have not been performed using post-mortem spinal cord material. Aim To assess the sensitivity of high field post-mortem MRI for detecting grey matter lesions in the spinal cord in MS. Methods Autopsy material was obtained from 11 MS cases and 2 controls. Proton Density-weighted images of this formalin-fixed material were acquired at 4.7Tesla before the tissue was sectioned and stained for Myelin Basic Protein. Both the tissue sections and the MR images were scored for grey matter and white matter plaques, with the readers of the MR images being blinded to the histopathology results. Results Our results indicate that post-mortem imaging at 4.7Tesla is highly sensitive for cord lesions, detecting 87% of white matter lesions and 73% of grey matter lesions. The MR changes were highly specific for demyelination, with all lesions scored on MRI corresponding to areas of demyelination. Conclusion Our work suggests that spinal cord grey matter lesions may be detected on MRI more readily than GM lesions in the brain, making the cord a promising site to study the functional consequences of grey matter demyelination in MS.

Lantern Demonstration of Gross Lesions of the Cerebrum

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pyramidal Layer ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This demonstration was a further report on the subject laid before the Association at the meeting at Claybury in February last, viz., the morbid changes occurring in the brain and other intra-cranial contents in amentia and dementia. In a paper read before the Royal Society in the spring of 1900, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, it was stated, as the result of a systematic micrometric examination of the visuo-sensory (primary visual) and visuo-psychic (lower associational) regions of the cerebral cortex, that the depth of the pyramidal layer of nerve-cells varies with the amentia or dementia existing in the patient. At the meeting of the Association referred to it was further shown, from an analysis, clinical and pathological, of 121 cases of insanity which appeared consecutively in the post-mortem room at Claybury, that the morbid conditions inside the skull-cap in insanity, viz., abnormalities in the dura mater, the pia arachnoid, the ependyma and intra-cranial fluid, etc., are the accompaniments of and vary in degree with dementia alone, and are independent of the duration of the mental disease. Since that date the pre-frontal (higher associational) region has been systematically examined in nineteen cases, viz., normal persons and normal aments (infants), and cases of amentia, of chronic and recurrent insanity without appreciable dementia, and of dementia, and the results obtained form the subject of the present demonstration. A paper on the whole subject will shortly be published in the Archives of the Claybury Laboratory.

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES OF THE BRAIN OF INFLUENZA PATIENTS.

The Lancet ◽  
1892 ◽  
Vol 139 (3577) ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
J ALTHAUS
Keyword(s):  
Post Mortem ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Relations between post-mortem alterations and glycolytic metabolism in the brain

1961 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard L. Friede ◽  
Wiecher H. van Houten
Keyword(s):  
Post Mortem ◽  
Glycolytic Metabolism ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals К. Schaffer: Zur feineren Struktur der Hirnrinde und über funktionelle Bedeutung der Nervenzellenfortsätze. Arch. f. Mikrosk. Anatomie. XLVIIL 4 Heft. 1897. S. S. 550—572

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
A. E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Special Group ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Axial Cylinder

The author's research refers to the anterior cerebral cortex of a newborn dog. The author studies in detail the so-called tiny pyramidal cells, lying between the pluripolar cells of the molecular layer and the small (true) pyramidal cells. Already R. y Cajal drew attention to polygonal or core-shaped cells, the cells that lie behind the layer of the outermost cells (pluripolare Nervenzellen von R. y Cajal), but did not separate them into a special group, believing that these cells were gradually changing vid, go into the small pyramids, to which he numbered them. Schaffer separates these cells into a special group, calling it the layer of surface polymorphic cells. These cells have a dark variety of shapes (fusiform, oval, roundish, pear-shaped, polygonal) and lie in approximately four (4) rows. Dendrites go then, mainly, in two opposite directions (for fusiform cells), then they move radially in all directions (for round and polygonal cells). The number of dendrites is sometimes strikingly abundant. Dendrites going to the surface of the brain reach it, while dendrites of the opposite direction sometimes go down to the ammonium formations of the cerebral cortex. Special attention should be paid to the axial cylinder of the disassembled cells; on the basis of the features of this appendix, the author distinguishes 3 types of disassembled cells.

scholarly journals The hermeneutics of mental symptoms in the Cambridge School

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Aragona ◽  
Ivana S. Marková
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
New Model ◽  
Mental Symptom ◽  
Cultural Information ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cambridge School ◽  
Symptom Formation

Current Psychiatry is in crisis. Decades of neuroscientific research have not yet delivered adequate explanations or treatments. One reason for this failure may be the wrongness of its central assumption, namely that mental symptoms and disorders are natural kinds. The Cambridge School has proposed that a new Epistemology must be constructed for Psychiatry, and that this should start with the development of a new model of mental symptom-formation. ‘Mental symptoms’ should be considered as hermeneutic co-constructions occurring in a intersubjective space created by the dialogue between sufferer and healer. Subjective experiences (caused either by neurobiological or psychosocial upheaval) penetrate the awareness of sufferers causing perplexity and/or distress. To understand, handle and communicate these experiences, sufferers proceed to configure them by means of templates borrowed from their own culture. Importantly, however, the same neurobiological information can be configured into different symptoms; and different neurobiological information into the same symptom. Therefore, ‘mental symptoms’ are dissimilar hybrid combinations of neurobiological and cultural information. To be ethical, therapeutic interventions must take into account such dissimilarities. Blind manipulation of the brain in all cases should be considered as counterproductive.

A unitary hypothesis of mind-brain interaction in the cerebral cortex

1990 ◽  
Vol 240 (1299) ◽  
pp. 433-451 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Neuronal Structure ◽  
Mental Experience ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mental Events ◽  
Apical Dendrites ◽  
The Brain

A brief introduction to the brain-mind problem leads on to a survey of the neuronal structure of the cerebral cortex. It is proposed that the basic receptive units are the bundles or clusters of apical dendrites of the pyramidal cells of laminae V and III-II as described by Fleischhauer and Peters and their associates. There are up to 100 apical dendrites in these receptive units, named dendrons. Each dendron would have an input of up to 100000 spine synapses. There are about 40 million dendrons in the human cerebral cortex. A study of the influence of mental events on the brain leads to the hypothesis that all mental events, the whole of the World 2 of Popper, are composed of mental units, each carrying its own characteristic mental experience. It is further proposed that each mental unit, named psychon, is uniquely linked to a dendron. So the mind-brain problem reduces to the interaction between a dendron and its psychon for all the 40 million linked units. In my 1986 paper ( Proc. R. Soc. Lond . B 227, 411-428) on the mind-brain problem, there was developed the concept that the operation of the synaptic microsites involved displacement of particles so small that they were within range of the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg. The psychon-dendron interaction provides a much improved basis for effective selection by a process analogous to a quantal probability field. In the fully developed hypothesis psychons act on dendrons in the whole world of conscious experiences and dendrons act on psychons in all perceptions and memories. It is shown how these interactions involve no violation of the conservation laws. There are great potentialities of these unitary concepts, for example as an explanation of the global nature of a visual experience from moment to moment. It would seem that there can be psychons not linked to dendrons, but only to other psychons, creating what we may call a psychon world.

The Important Role of Lipids in Cognitive Impairment

2011 ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
Yu Jia ◽  
Zheng Chen ◽  
Jiangyang Lu ◽  
Liu Tingting ◽  
Zhou Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Neonatal Lethality ◽  
Somatic Gene ◽  
Current Knowledge Base ◽  
Somatic Gene Transfer ◽  
The Brain

The current knowledge base on circulating serum and plasma risk factors of the cognitive decline of degenerative Alzheimer’s Disease is linked to cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein disturbances (i.e., total cholesterol, 24S-hydroxy-cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), or apolipoprotein E. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is also expressed in the brain, with the highest levels found in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, suggesting a possible role for LPL in the regulation of cognitive function. Little is currently known, however, about the specific role of LPL in the brain. The authors of this chapter have generated an LPL-deficient mouse model that was rescued from neonatal lethality by somatic gene transfer. The levels of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin were reduced in the hippocampus while the levels of the post-synaptic marker PSD-95 remained unchanged in the LPL-deficient mice. The decreased frequency of mEPSC in LPL-deficient neurons indicated that the number of presynaptic vesicles was decreased, which was consistent with the decreases observed in the numbers of total vesicles and docking vesicles. These findings indicate that LPL plays an important role in learning and memory function, possibly by influencing presynaptic function.

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