The Classification of Anxiety Disorders

1989 ◽  
Vol 154 (S4) ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Phobic Disorders ◽  
Icd 10

The classification of anxiety disorders is a controversial subject, and this controversy is reflected in the differences between the systems adopted in DSM-III-R and in the draft of ICD-10. The scheme in ICD-10 is the simpler: anxiety disorders are divided into phobic disorders and other anxiety disorders, and each is divided further into three subgroups. The three phobic disorders are: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. The three subgroups of ‘other anxiety disorders’ are panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. The subdivisions of phobic disorder are those now generally adopted in most countries, and are uncontroversial. The subdivisions of generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety depressive disorder are also widely accepted, the latter group being particularly frequent among patients seen in general practice and not referred on to psychiatrists. Only the category of panic disorder is controversial. In addition to these categories which are specifically allocated to anxiety disorders, two others are relevant: ‘reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders’, and anxious personality disorder.

Overview of Anxiety Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders among adults in the United States. Although anxiety disorders generally result in significant psychosocial impairment, most adults do not seek treatment until many years after the onset of the anxiety disorder. The treatment literature for anxiety disorder has grown tremendously since the 1980s, and both psychotherapy and medications may prove beneficial for people with anxiety disorders. This review presents a general overview of the anxiety disorders. This review contains 7 tables, and 33 references. Key words: agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, treatment of anxiety

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Generalised Anxiety Disorder Among Prisoners of the Penitentiary Institution in North-Eastern Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Stawinska-Witoszynska ◽  
Katarzyna Czechowska ◽  
Waclaw Moryson ◽  
Barbara Wieckowska
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Closed Type ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders. The psychosocial factors that may lead to generalised anxiety disorders include stress, traumatic events, conscious and unconscious internal conflicts, and low social and economic status. Imprisonment and forced isolation may favour the development of depression or anxiety disorders in inmates. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in the population of inmates detained in one of the largest penitentiary units in north-eastern Poland.Materials and Methods: The data comes from 2017 and includes information on 635 male inmates incarcerated at the Czerwony Bór Prison. The information comes from the health records of individual inmates, kept by the prison outpatient clinician, and documented consultations with doctors of units outside the prison. The classification of generalised anxiety disorders (F41.1) was made in accordance with the 10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Problems and the clinical diagnosis made by a psychiatrist. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare quantitative data without normal distribution, chi-squared test or Fisher exact test for comparing qualitative data. A one-dimensional and multi-dimensional logistic regression model was used to examine the impact of the prison type on the prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder.Results: Generalised anxiety disorder was observed among 44 prisoners (6.9%), most often in the age range 30–39 years and among men younger than 30 years, respectively 40.9 and 31.8% of all diagnosed. The average age of patients was 34.6 years. The least number of prisoners with GAD was in the age group 50–59 (2.3%). Nearly 66% of patients were prisoners detained in a closed type prison; the chance of generalised anxiety disorder was three times higher than among the prisoners in a half-open and open type facility. Generalised anxiety disorder was diagnosed significantly more often with those currently serving a prison sentence than those before incarceration.Conclusions: In Polish conditions, the importance of the problem associated with GAD is evidenced by a significant increase in its prevalence in the prison environment and a three times higher chance of developing generalised anxiety disorder among prisoners in a closed type institution, which calls for highly organised psychiatric care and increased availability of psychological assistance for prisoners.

Functional Neurocircuitry and Neuroimaging Studies of Anxiety Disorders

2013 ◽  
pp. 606-620
Author(s):  
Madeleine S. Goodkind ◽  
Anett Gyurak ◽  
Amit Etkin
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

Anxiety and fear serve adaptive functions and include wide-ranging subjective, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses. When these reactions are present chronically, and to a heightened degree that generalizes to signals beyond those that are objectively dangerous, one sees emergence of clinical anxiety disorders. Historically, anxiety disorders have been conceptualized as disruptions in fear processing, though more recent accounts also highlight changes in emotional reactivity beyond fear and deficits in emotion regulation. In this chapter, we review the neural circuitry relevant for fear processing and for emotional reactivity and regulation more broadly. We then review neuroimaging studies of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We highlight areas of overlap between disorders as well as disorder-specific perturbations.

scholarly journals Age differences in treatment response to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety disorders

2013 ◽  
Vol 203 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Loebach Wetherell ◽  
Andrew J. Petkus ◽  
Steven R. Thorp ◽  
Murray B. Stein ◽  
Denise A. Chavira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Collaborative Care ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Care Intervention

BackgroundSome data suggest that older adults with anxiety disorders do not respond as well to treatment as do younger adults.AimsWe examined age differences in outcomes from the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) study, an effectiveness trial comparing usual care to a computer-assisted collaborative care intervention for primary care patients with panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and/or social anxiety disorder. This is the first study to examine the efficacy of a collaborative care intervention in a sample that included both younger and older adults with anxiety disorders. We hypothesised that older adults would show a poorer response to the intervention than younger adults.MethodWe examined findings for the overall sample, as well as within each diagnostic category (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00347269).ResultsThe CALM intervention was more effective than usual care among younger adults overall and for those with generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Among older adults, the intervention was effective overall and for those with social anxiety disorder and PTSD but not for those with panic disorder or generalised anxiety disorder. The effects of the intervention also appeared to erode by the 18-month follow-up, and there were no significant effects on remission among the older adults.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with the findings of other investigators suggesting that medications and psychotherapy for anxiety disorders may not be as effective for older individuals as they are for younger people.

Overview of Anxiety Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders among adults in the United States. Although anxiety disorders generally result in significant psychosocial impairment, most adults do not seek treatment until many years after the onset of the anxiety disorder. The treatment literature for anxiety disorder has grown tremendously since the 1980s, and both psychotherapy and medications may prove beneficial for people with anxiety disorders. This review presents a general overview of the anxiety disorders. This review contains 7 tables, and 33 references. Key words: agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, treatment of anxiety

Overview of Anxiety Disorders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders among adults in the United States. Although anxiety disorders generally result in significant psychosocial impairment, most adults do not seek treatment until many years after the onset of the anxiety disorder. The treatment literature for anxiety disorder has grown tremendously since the 1980s, and both psychotherapy and medications may prove beneficial for people with anxiety disorders. This review presents a general overview of the anxiety disorders. This review contains 7 tables, and 33 references. Key words: agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, treatment of anxiety

Anxiety disorders in primary care

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Dold ◽  
Siegfried Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Generalized Anxiety

Chapter 7 summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and evidence for pharmacological treatment options of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. With regard to the pharmacological management, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) represent the well-established first-line medication for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, and social anxiety disorder. In GAD, also the calcium channel modulator pregabalin can be regarded as evidence-based treatment option. In simple cases of specific phobia, however, the initiation of a pharmacotherapy is not recognized as standard treatment according to international treatment guidelines and psychotherapeutic interventions should be preferred. Besides illustrating the pharmacological treatment options, we described the actualized diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders established in the newly introduced fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V).

Overview of Anxiety Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E Grant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Separation Anxiety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Phobia ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Psychosocial Impairment

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders among adults in the United States. Although anxiety disorders generally result in significant psychosocial impairment, most adults do not seek treatment until many years after the onset of the anxiety disorder. The treatment literature for anxiety disorder has grown tremendously since the 1980s, and both psychotherapy and medications may prove beneficial for people with anxiety disorders. This review presents a general overview of the anxiety disorders. This review contains 7 tables, and 33 references. Key words: agoraphobia, anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, treatment of anxiety

Comparison of the DSM–5 and ICD–10: panic and other anxiety disorders

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borwin Bandelow
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders and are associated with substantial healthcare costs and a high burden of disease. In this article, changes in the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (the DSM–5) with respect to panic disorder/agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and selective mutism are compared with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–10) system.

Distress, Adjustment, and Anxiety Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel McFarland ◽  
Jimmie C. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Distress Screening

This chapter deals with anxiety in cancer patients as it presents in distress, adjustment disorders, and formal anxiety disorders. The implementation of distress screening is now used to capture patients who are at risk of a range of psychological complications that are addressed in this book. “Distress” covers the range of responses from the “normal” distress of fear, worry, and anxiety to formal defined psychiatric disorders. Adjustment disorders are the mildest level of psychiatric disorder occurring in relation to the stressor of a diagnosis with cancer or its treatment. Formal anxiety disorders typically antedate the cancer diagnosis and have clear symptom clusters defined by formal criteria. These include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias (e.g., needle, claustrophobia) and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. These disorders require careful medical and psychiatric workup to identify potential etiologic stressors, agents, or responsible medical conditions.

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