scholarly journals Trends in Breast Cancer Mortality Between 2001 and 2017: An Observational Study in the European Union and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 1682-1693
Author(s):  
Chinmay Jani ◽  
Ingrid Salcicciol ◽  
Arashdeep Rupal ◽  
Omar Al Omari ◽  
Richard Goodall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Annual Percentage Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom

PURPOSE Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, representing 25.4% of the newly diagnosed cases in 2018. The past two decades have seen advancements in screening technologies, guidelines, and newer modalities of treatment. Our study reports and compares trends in breast cancer mortality in the European Union and the United Kingdom. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the WHO Mortality Database. We extracted breast cancer mortality data from 2001 to 2017 on the basis of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision system. Crude mortality rates were dichotomized by sex and reported by year. We computed age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) per 100,000 population using the world standard population. Breast cancer mortality trends were compared using joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS We analyzed data from 24 EU countries, including the United Kingdom. For women, breast cancer mortality was observed to be downtrending in all countries except Croatia, France, and Poland. For the most recent female data, the highest ASDR for breast cancer was identified in Croatia (19.29 per 100,000), and the lowest ASDR was noted in Spain (12.8 per 100,000). Denmark had the highest change in ASDR and the highest estimated annual percentage change of −3.2%. For men, breast cancer mortality decreased in 18 countries, with the largest relative reduction observed in Denmark with an estimated annual percentage change of −27.5%. For the most recent male data, the highest ASDR for breast cancer was identified in Latvia (0.54 per 100,000). CONCLUSION Breast cancer mortality rates have down trended in most EU countries between 2001 and 2017 for both men and women. Given the observational nature of this study, causality to the observed trends cannot be reliably ascribed. However, possible contributing factors should be considered and subject to further study.

scholarly journals Survival of Patients with Breast Cancer Diagnosed in the United Kingdom Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Moss ◽  
R Ellman ◽  
D Coleman ◽  
J Chamberlain ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Tumour Size ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Significant Difference

To examine the survival of patients with breast cancer diagnosed in different centres and by different methods in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer, in order to investigate the contribution of different factors to the previously observed reductions in breast cancer mortality. A non-randomised trial of the early detection of breast cancer, in which women aged 45–64 in two districts were offered annual screening for seven years, women in a further two districts were offered education about breast self examination (BSE), and those in four districts formed a comparison group. Patients with breast cancer are classified according to the type of centre, method of detection, and attendance for BSE education. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses are carried out, including tumour size, dissemination status, and use of adjuvant treatment as additional variables. In the univariate analysis, patients with breast cancer who are nonattenders for screening have a significantly worse prognosis than those in the comparison centres. Patients whose cancer is detected by mammography have the best survival rate. The inclusion of size and dissemination status in the multivariate analysis explains only about one third of the improved prognosis in these cases. There is a significant difference between prognosis in the two BSE centres. The use of prognostic factors as recorded in this trial to predict breast cancer mortality may be inadequate.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Territorial Patterns in COVID-19 Mortality in France, Spain, Italy and the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Zavatta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
National Level ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Territorial Disparities ◽  
The Uk

This paper provides an overview of territorial patterns of COVID-19 deaths in four European countries severely affected by the pandemic, Spain, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The analysis focuses on cumulated COVID-19 mortality at the sub-regional level, following the territorial subdivision of countries adopted by the European Union. The paper builds upon a dataset with highly granular information on COVID-19 deaths assembled from various sources. The analysis shows remarkable differences in territorial patterns of COVID-19 mortality, both within and across the four countries reviewed. Results somewhat differ depending on the aspect considered (concentration of deaths or mortality rates) but, in general, Italy, France and Spain display significant territorial disparities, with selected sub-regions being disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Instead, the picture is more uniform in the UK, with comparatively lower differences across the various sub-regions. These findings suggest that analyses of COVID-19 mortality at the national level (and, sometimes, even at the regional level) may conceal major differences and therefore be of limited use, both analytically and from an operational viewpoint.

Euratom and Brexit: Could the United Kingdom Maintain One Foot in the European Union? Current Scenarios and Future Prospects of British withdrawal from the EAEC

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
Andrea Circolo ◽  
Ondrej Hamuľák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Independent Solution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper focuses on the very topical issue of conclusion of the membership of the State, namely the United Kingdom, in European integration structures. The ques­tion of termination of membership in European Communities and European Union has not been tackled for a long time in the sources of European law. With the adop­tion of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), the institute of 'unilateral' withdrawal was intro­duced. It´s worth to say that exit clause was intended as symbolic in its nature, in fact underlining the status of Member States as sovereign entities. That is why this institute is very general and the legal regulation of the exercise of withdrawal contains many gaps. One of them is a question of absolute or relative nature of exiting from integration structures. Today’s “exit clause” (Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union) regulates only the termination of membership in the European Union and is silent on the impact of such a step on membership in the European Atomic Energy Community. The presented paper offers an analysis of different variations of the interpretation and solution of the problem. It´s based on the independent solution thesis and therefore rejects an automa­tism approach. The paper and topic is important and original especially because in the multitude of scholarly writings devoted to Brexit questions, vast majority of them deals with institutional questions, the interpretation of Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union; the constitutional matters at national UK level; future relation between EU and UK and political bargaining behind such as all that. The question of impact on withdrawal on Euratom membership is somehow underrepresented. Present paper attempts to fill this gap and accelerate the scholarly debate on this matter globally, because all consequences of Brexit already have and will definitely give rise to more world-wide effects.

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