Biochemical Profiling of Smokeless Tobacco Product Kiwam at Different Processing Steps

Introduction: Kiwam (qiwam) is a partially fermented tobacco product consumed with betel quid (paan). The major constituents of this product are tobacco, saffron (zaffrani) and some other additives. It contains tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) which is considered as a cancer causing agent. To elucidate the carcinogenic property of kiwam, biochemical profiling of its constituents at different stages of processing is needed. The major processing steps involved in the formation of kiwam and biochemical profiling/changes at each processing step is still unknown. Aim: To describe the major processing steps and biochemical changes that occur at each processing step during the preparation of kiwam. Methods: Tobacco leaves and stems were washed with Millipore water so as to remove the dirt particles from the leaves and stems. It is then boiled in water followed by filtering of the constituents to remove the leaves and stem residues. The filtrate was again boiled to form a thick paste residue. The resultant paste was partially fermented through sun curing, and lastly, saffron along with specific additives was added. The samples from each step were analyzed for biochemical profiling through Continuous Flow Autoanalyzer using Flow View Solution 3700 Analyzer (version 1.2.2) software. Results: The biochemical changes at TSNA levels were observed at each processing steps. The detailed chemical profiling will be presented during the meeting. Conclusion: Kiwam is rich in TSNA and hence its use should be avoided.

Download Full-text

Qiwam: A Potential Carcinogenic Smokeless Tobacco Product Consumed With Paan

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.18.19400 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽

pp. 92s-92s

Author(s):

V. Sharma ◽

A. Chandra ◽

A. Nandan ◽

R. Mehrotra

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

The People ◽

Carcinogenic Property ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Product ◽

Potentially Malignant ◽

Tobacco Roots ◽

Risk Of Cancer ◽

Processing Steps

Background: Qiwam (Kimam) is a liquid tobacco preparation consumed with paan. It is mostly consumed in southeast Asian region. Evidences suggest that it causes potentially malignant disorders (PMD), oral cancer (OC) and decreases sperm count. Qiwam was mentioned in earlier research publications, however details are not known. It is produced for self-consumption as well as for commercial purpose. Aim: To study in detail the ingredients and processing steps involved in the production of Qiwam. In addition, also study the adverse health implication of this smokeless tobacco product on humans. Methods: The information on qiwam was collected via literature search study, study tour to different geographical areas of India, where group discussions with the people involved in the production of qiwam, paan vendors and with community members of different age group were done. Results: Qiwam is prepared by the user for his/her own consumption or by industry for sale. Tobacco leaves and tobacco roots are boiled for several hours then soaked in water flavored with varied spices and additives. The resultant mixture is mashed, strained, and finally dried into a thick paste. It is consumed mostly with paan. Conclusion: Processing of qiwam is a complex and time taking process which involves various steps and components that may influence the carcinogenic property of the product. The different processing steps gives different taste and texture to the product. Qiwam increases the risk of cancer and hence needs to be banned or better avoided.

Download Full-text

An exploration of smokeless tobacco product nucleic acids: a combined metagenome and metatranscriptome analysis

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-019-10232-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 751-763

Author(s):

R. E. Tyx ◽

A. J. Rivera ◽

L. M. Keong ◽

S. B. Stanfill

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Health Concern ◽

Single Product ◽

Virus Rna ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Product ◽

Viable Bacteria ◽

Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines ◽

Bacterial Constituents

AbstractSmokeless tobacco (ST) products are used worldwide and are a major public health concern. In addition to harmful chemicals found in these products, microbes found in ST products are believed to be responsible for generating harmful tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), the most abundant carcinogens in ST. These microbes also contribute endotoxins and other pro-inflammatory components. A greater understanding of the microbial constituents in these products is sought in order to potentially link select design aspects or manufacturing processes to avoidable increases in harmful constituents. Previous studies looked primarily at bacterial constituents and had not differentiated between viable vs nonviable organisms, so in this study, we sought to use a dual metatranscriptomic and metagenomic analysis to see if differences exist. Using high-throughput sequencing, we observed that there were differences in taxonomic abundances between the metagenome and metatranscriptome, and in the metatranscriptome, we also observed an abundance of plant virus RNA not previously reported in DNA-only studies. We also found in the product tested, that there were no viable bacteria capable of metabolizing nitrate to nitrite. Therefore, the product tested would not be likely to increase TSNAs during shelf storage. We tested only a single product to date using the strategy presented here, but succeeded in demonstrating the value of using of these methods in tobacco products. These results present novel findings from the first combined metagenome and metatranscriptome of a commercial tobacco product.

Download Full-text

Biochemical profiling of smokeless tobacco product Kiwam at different processing steps

Tobacco Induced Diseases ◽

10.18332/tid/95190 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Ravi Mehrotra ◽

Anshika Chandra ◽

Vishwas Sharma ◽

Amrita Nandan ◽

Ravi Kaushik

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Product ◽

Processing Steps

Download Full-text

Smokeless tobacco product design and marketing: targeting new populations in a changing regulatory environment

Smokeless Tobacco Products ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-818158-4.00002-9 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-38

Author(s):

Vaughan W. Rees ◽

Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf ◽

Richard J. O'Connor

Keyword(s):

Product Design ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Regulatory Environment ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Product

Download Full-text

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (NNAL, NNN, NAT, and NAB) Exposures in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa110 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Baoyun Xia ◽

Benjamin C Blount ◽

Tonya Guillot ◽

Christina Brosius ◽

Yao Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Geometric Means ◽

Population Assessment ◽

Frequency Of Use ◽

The Us ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines

Abstract Introduction The tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important group of carcinogens found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. To describe and characterize the levels of TSNAs in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014), we present four biomarkers of TSNA exposure: N′-nitrosonornicotine, N′-nitrosoanabasine, N′-nitrosoanatabine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) which is the primary urinary metabolite of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Methods We measured total TSNAs in 11 522 adults who provided urine using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. After exclusions in this current analysis, we selected 11 004 NNAL results, 10 753 N′-nitrosonornicotine results, 10 919 N′-nitrosoanatabine results, and 10 996 N′-nitrosoanabasine results for data analysis. Geometric means and correlations were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. Results TSNA concentrations were associated with choice of tobacco product and frequency of use. Among established, every day, exclusive tobacco product users, the geometric mean urinary NNAL concentration was highest for smokeless tobacco users (993.3; 95% confidence interval [CI: 839.2, 1147.3] ng/g creatinine), followed by all types of combustible tobacco product users (285.4; 95% CI: [267.9, 303.0] ng/g creatinine), poly tobacco users (278.6; 95% CI: [254.9, 302.2] ng/g creatinine), and e-cigarette product users (6.3; 95% CI: [4.7, 7.9] ng/g creatinine). TSNA concentrations were higher in every day users than in intermittent users for all the tobacco product groups. Among single product users, exposure to TSNAs differed by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and education. Urinary TSNAs and nicotine metabolite biomarkers were also highly correlated. Conclusions We have provided PATH Study estimates of TSNA exposure among US adult users of a variety of tobacco products. These data can inform future tobacco product and human exposure evaluations and related regulatory activities.

Download Full-text

Smokeless tobacco product may increase mortality rate in patients with prostate cancer

Cancer ◽

10.1002/cncr.30523 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 123 (2) ◽

pp. 190-190

Author(s):

Carrie Printz

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Product ◽

Increase Mortality Rate

Download Full-text

Process Monitoring for Fabrication of Mercuric Iodide Room Temperature Radiation Detectors

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-324-65 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 324 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. M. Van Scyoc ◽

T. E. Schlesinger ◽

H. Yao ◽

R. B. James ◽

M. Natarajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Radiation Detectors ◽

Electrical Contacts ◽

Careful Study ◽

Mercuric Iodide ◽

Optical Functions ◽

Processing Step ◽

Material Choice ◽

Temperature Radiation ◽

Processing Steps

AbstractIn the fabrication of mercuric iodide room temperature radiation detectors, as in any semiconductor process, the quality of the final device can be very sensitive to the details of the processing steps. Each processing step can either reduce the intrinsic defects and those extrinsic defects introduced by earlier steps, or it can introduce new defects. In mercuric iodide these defects can act as trapping and recombination centers, thereby degrading immediate device performance or leading to long-term reliability problems. With careful study and monitoring of each step, the process can be modified to improve the end product. In this work we used several techniques to study processing steps and their effects. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and photoionization revealed defects introduced during processing. One critical step is the formation of electrical contacts, as both the material choice and deposition method have an impact. Four point probe sheet resistance methods were used to characterize the loss of material from the contact as it reacted with or moved into the bulk semiconductor. Ellipsometry was used to characterize the intrinsic optical functions of the material, and to study the effects of surface aging on these functions. Results from this work provide suggestions for the modification and monitoring of the detector fabrication process.

Download Full-text