ABSTRACT
To implement the comprehensive program of preventing sea pollution from shipping, about 400 floating environmental craft for 60 ports and 17 shore reception facilities have been built in the U.S.S.R., which has prevented the spilling of more than 350,000 tons of oil annually into the sea.
The program foresees a maximum unification of technologies and equipment. In the field of combating oil spills and cleaning port areas, tests of the oil recovery ship Svetlomor have been performed. The ship is a reconstructed tanker of 10,000 deadweight tons, which has a maximum effectiveness of oil recovery of 72.4 percent. The weir-type intake system has been positively demonstrated. On the basis of model experiments and tests of the Soviet standard port oil and debris skimmer in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ?HMSETT facility, a number of units have been improved, which will substantially increase the effectiveness of oil skimming in rough seas. The experience of combating a spill of about 17,000 tons of oil from the tanker Globe Asimi in the port of Klaipeda has suggested ways to improve personnel training and to increase the availability of technical means. As a result of investigations and experiments performed in the U.S.S.R., the principal interactions between continuous oil slicks and waves have been worked out. The results showed there is a considerable damping of short wavelength waves, especially in shallow waters.
Model tests have proven the theoretical possibility of oil collection at a speed of 3-to-4 knots with the use of a weir-type intake. Within the framework of prevention of marine pollution by oil, the U.S.S.R. has built and put into operation 22 shore-based traffic guidance systems (TGS). Centralized systems now are being created for zones of heavy traffic. In compliance with MARPOL 73/78, the existing fleet is being refitted on the base of unified plans. In particular, methods of updating ships’ drainage and sludge collection systems have been developed, resulting in a 2-to-3 times decrease of the required volume of the collecting tank. A simple, automatic division of the ballast pumped ashore from tankers into high and low oil-content water has enabled an increase in the capacity of the existing facilities without increasing their area. The use of a complex system of water and heat consumption, and treatment of discharges from ship repair yards has prevented the discharge into the sea of noxious substances, and improved the economy of water and fuel. The extensive dredging work performed in the ports of the U.S.S.R. has been put under scientific and legal control due to the danger of pollution of the coastal zones. Standards have been developed for the protection of the marine environment.
The Effects of a Self‐sacrificing Minority on Pro‐environmental Norms and Behavior: An Investigation Using a Sea Pollution Game
