ON SOME ACTIVITIES IN PREVENTING SEA POLLUTION PERFORMED IN THE MERCHANT MARINE OF THE U.S.S.R.

1983 ◽  
Vol 1983 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Sergei M. Nunuparov ◽  
Oleg N. Khalimonov
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Sea Pollution ◽  
Legal Control ◽  
Traffic Guidance ◽  
Ship Repair

ABSTRACT To implement the comprehensive program of preventing sea pollution from shipping, about 400 floating environmental craft for 60 ports and 17 shore reception facilities have been built in the U.S.S.R., which has prevented the spilling of more than 350,000 tons of oil annually into the sea. The program foresees a maximum unification of technologies and equipment. In the field of combating oil spills and cleaning port areas, tests of the oil recovery ship Svetlomor have been performed. The ship is a reconstructed tanker of 10,000 deadweight tons, which has a maximum effectiveness of oil recovery of 72.4 percent. The weir-type intake system has been positively demonstrated. On the basis of model experiments and tests of the Soviet standard port oil and debris skimmer in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ?HMSETT facility, a number of units have been improved, which will substantially increase the effectiveness of oil skimming in rough seas. The experience of combating a spill of about 17,000 tons of oil from the tanker Globe Asimi in the port of Klaipeda has suggested ways to improve personnel training and to increase the availability of technical means. As a result of investigations and experiments performed in the U.S.S.R., the principal interactions between continuous oil slicks and waves have been worked out. The results showed there is a considerable damping of short wavelength waves, especially in shallow waters. Model tests have proven the theoretical possibility of oil collection at a speed of 3-to-4 knots with the use of a weir-type intake. Within the framework of prevention of marine pollution by oil, the U.S.S.R. has built and put into operation 22 shore-based traffic guidance systems (TGS). Centralized systems now are being created for zones of heavy traffic. In compliance with MARPOL 73/78, the existing fleet is being refitted on the base of unified plans. In particular, methods of updating ships’ drainage and sludge collection systems have been developed, resulting in a 2-to-3 times decrease of the required volume of the collecting tank. A simple, automatic division of the ballast pumped ashore from tankers into high and low oil-content water has enabled an increase in the capacity of the existing facilities without increasing their area. The use of a complex system of water and heat consumption, and treatment of discharges from ship repair yards has prevented the discharge into the sea of noxious substances, and improved the economy of water and fuel. The extensive dredging work performed in the ports of the U.S.S.R. has been put under scientific and legal control due to the danger of pollution of the coastal zones. Standards have been developed for the protection of the marine environment.

CLEANING UP EMERGENCY OIL SPILLS FROM THE WATER SURFACE WITH MAGNETIC ADSORBENTS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Rubanov ◽  
Yury Rubanov ◽  
Yulia Tokach ◽  
Yulia Tokach ◽  
Marina Vasilenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Steelmaking Slag ◽  
Magnetic Adsorbents ◽  
Ratio Of Components ◽  
Iron Ore Concentrate ◽  
Electric Furnace Steelmaking

There was suggested a method of obtaining a complex adsorbent with magnetic properties for the oil spill clean-up from the water surface by means of controlled magnetic field. As magnetic filler a finely-dispersed iron-ore concentrate in the form of magnetite, obtained by wet magnetic separation of crushed iron ore, was suggested. As an adsorbing component the disintegrating electric-furnace steelmaking slag, obtained by dry air-cooling method, was selected. The mass ratio of components slag:magnetite is 1(1,5÷2,0). For cleaning up emergency oil spills with the suggested magnetic adsorbent a facility, which is installed on a twin-hulled oil recovery vessel, was designed. The vessel contains a rectangular case between the vessel hulls with inlet and outlet for the treated water, the bottom of which is a permanently moving belt. Above the belt, at the end point of it there is an oil-gathering drum with magnetic system. The adsorbent is poured to oil-products layer from a hopper, provided with drum feeder. Due to the increased bulk weight the adsorbent sinks rapidly into the oil layer on the water surface. If the large non-floating flocculi are formed, they sink and sedimentate on the moving belt and are moved to the oil-gathering drum. The saturated adsorbent is removed from the drum surface with a scraper, connected with a gutter, with contains a rotating auger.

scholarly journals Fathoming postnatural oceans: Towards a low trophic theory in the practices of feminist posthumanities

2021 ◽  
pp. 251484862110285
Author(s):  
Marietta Radomska ◽  
Cecilia Åsberg
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Arts And Humanities ◽  
Slow Violence ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Ethical Stance ◽  
The Baltic

As the planet’s largest ecosystem, oceans stabilise climate, produce oxygen, store CO2 and host unfathomable biodiversity at a deep time-scale. In recent decades, scientific assessments have indicated that the oceans are seriously degraded to the detriment of most near-future societies. Human-induced impacts range from climate change, ocean acidification, loss of biodiversity, eutrophication and marine pollution to local degradation of marine and coastal environments. Such environmental violence takes form of both ‘spectacular’ events, like oil spills and ‘slow violence’, occurring gradually and out of sight. The purpose of this paper is to show four cases of coastal and marine forms of slow violence and to provide counter-accounts of how to reinvent our consumer imaginary at such locations, as well as to develop what is here referred to as ‘low-trophic theory,’ a situated ethical stance that attends to entanglements of consumption, food, violence, environmental adaptability and more-than-human care from the co-existential perspective of multispecies ethics. We combine field-philosophical case studies with insights from marine science, environmental art and cultural practices in the Baltic and North Sea region and feminist posthumanities. The paper shows that the oceanic imaginary is not a unified place, but rather, a set of forces, which requires renewed ethical approaches, conceptual inventiveness and practical creativity. Based on the case studies and examples presented, the authors conclude that the consideration of more-than-human ethical perspectives, provided by environmental arts and humanities is crucial for both research on nature and space, and for the flourishing of local multispecies communities. This paper thus inaugurates thinking and practice along the proposed here ethical stance of low-trophic theory, developed it along the methodological lines of feminist environmental posthumanities.

Investigation of organic materials nature on petrol removal from water surfacee

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
I.V. Bacherikova ◽  
◽  
S.B. Grinenko ◽  
L.S. Kuznetsova ◽  
V.O. Zazhigalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Oil Adsorption ◽  
Positive Results

The properties of some organic materials in the removal of oil from water area were studied. It was shown that available materials as technical wool and sintepon can be used as effective sorbents for petroleum removal from water area. The sample mechanical wringing of these sorbents permits to return the part of adsorbed oil for its next use. The dependence of sorption properties (the adsorbed petroleum mass, specific oil adsorption, return of the oil and selectivity of petroleum removal) and petroleum removal from the number of absorption-release cycles was established. It was established that quantity of adsorbed oil decreases in other next step of removal but mass of oil returned increases in the process of mechanical wringing. The regeneration of these adsorbents by flushing in gasoline permits to obtained the initial properties in oil removal from water area. The sorption elements in the form of bags from linen with these materials were prepared. The dependence of the amount of oil removed by these sorption elements from the time of oil clearing of the water area process was determined and the optimal parameters of petroleum removal were established. It was shown that sorption elements on the base of these materials have adsorption capacity equal to 14-16 g of petroleum/g sorbent at selectivity of petroleum removal more than 70 % and oil recovery degree more than 80 % and the possibility their reusable use on oil spill response. The obtained positive results of oil removal from water area permit to propose in extreme cases of oil spills the available industrial products as jerseys, blankest, jackets etc. use successfully for petroleum spill response. The hydrophobization of these elements permits to improve their properties in oil removal from water area. As results of sorption elements modification the increase of adsorbed oil mass and specific petroleum removal at simultaneous increase of returned oil quantity for its next use and oil removal selectivity were established. It was established that synthesized sorption elements not inferior in properties known industrial sorbents for oil removal from water area.

scholarly journals Mapping of Ecological Vulnerability of Sea-Coastal Zones to Oil Spills: A Preliminary Method Applied to Kola Bay, the Barents Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly Shavykin ◽  
Andrey Karnatov
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Ecological Vulnerability ◽  
Vulnerability Maps ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Spilled Oil

Preparedness for oil spill response is a challenge for many coastal countries. Responders are unable to take effective action unless maps that indicate areas with different vulnerability to oil pollution are available. Such maps, developed in many countries, are usually based on calculations with rank (ordinal) values. However, arithmetic operations with them cannot be allowed. The article describes a method of constructing maps using metric values. The calculations take into account the biomass and the quantity of important biota components, especially significant socio-economic objects and protected areas. The biota distribution densities are represented in the identical units. The vulnerability factors are assessed based on the potential impact of spilled oil on biota, as well as its sensitivity and recoverability after disturbance. The proposed method takes into account the different sensitivity of biota inhabiting in the water column and on the sea surface. Oil vulnerability maps for Kola Bay using the proposed algorithm are presented.

Oil Spill Simulations and Susceptibility in Coastal and Estuarine Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 396 ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Barbosa Monteiro ◽  
Phelype Haron Oleinik ◽  
Bruno Vasconcellos Lopes ◽  
Thalita Fagundes Leal ◽  
Osmar Olinto Möller Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Hydrodynamic Conditions ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Estuarine Region ◽  
Modelling System ◽  
Oil Particles

A modelling system was utilised to simulate the movement and behaviour of oil slicks for two types of hydrocarbons, a diesel and another residual, considering hydrodynamic variations. Susceptible areas to oil touching were found in adjacent regions of two vessel manoeuvring zones, in two types of zones, one in a marine coastal and another in an estuarine environment. The evaporation rates were calculated for an estimate of the mass losses. For the maritime zone, the oil particles reached the vicinity of the beaches in approximately 4 to 8 hours after the beginning of the spill simulations, while for the estuary in approximately 1 hour. For the scenarios with diesel oil, mass losses oscillated between 13 to 16% in the estuarine region, and between 23 and 29% in the marine coastal zones. The evaporation rates for scenarios with residual oil, between 2 and 5%, were considerably lower than for diesel (15 and 22%), especially for spills simulated in the estuarine region, where the oil particles reached the lagoon banks after 1 hour. Mass losses by evaporation were more intense in marine coastal areas than for oil spills simulated in estuarine regions, possibly due to the more intense hydrodynamic conditions and the longer time that the oil needs to reach the coast. The fluctuations of observed environmental conditions justify the need for a robust number of simulations for reducing the uncertainties related to the oceanographic and meteorological variability that affect oil spill movement.

scholarly journals A Synthesis Review of Emissions and Fates for the Coal Oil Point Marine Hydrocarbon Seep Field and California Marine Seepage

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Leifer
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Santa Barbara Channel ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Heterogeneity

Anthropogenic oil in the ocean is of great concern due to its potential immediate and long-term impacts on the ecosystem, economy, and society, leading to intense societal efforts to mitigate and reduce inputs. Sources of oil in the ocean (in the order of importance) are natural marine seepage, run-off from anthropogenic sources, and oil spills, yet uncertainty and variability in these budgets are large, particularly for natural seepage, which exhibits large spatial and temporal heterogeneity on local to regional scales. When source inputs are comparable, discriminating impacts is complicated, because petroleum is both a bioavailable, chemosynthetic energy source to the marine ecosystem and a potential toxic stressor depending on concentration, composition, and period of time. This synthesis review investigates the phenomena underlying this complexity and identifies knowledge gaps. Its focus is on the Coal Oil Point (COP) seep field, arguably the best-studied example, of strong natural marine hydrocarbon seepage, located in the nearshore, shallow waters of the Northern Santa Barbara Channel, Southern California, where coastal processes complicate oceanography and meteorology. Many of our understandings of seep processes globally are based on insights learned from studies of the oil and gas emissions from the COP seep field. As one of the largest seep fields in the world, its impacts spread far as oil drifts on the sea surface and subsurface, yet much remains unknown of its impacts.

An Evaluation Model for Traffic Guidance Measures of the Urban Central Commercial District and its Application

2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 1695-1699
Author(s):  
Miao Cui ◽  
Tie Xin Cheng ◽  
Jing Zhu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Traffic Jam ◽  
The Road ◽  
Dynamic Assignment ◽  
Assignment Model ◽  
Traffic Guidance

As the city’s economic and cultural center, the urban Central Commercial Districts (CCDs) are rapidly developing, which always brings the heavy traffic jam in the city. In this paper, the traffic flow of CCDs was analyzed, and the traffic flow guidance evaluation model was established. Firstly, according to the travel time function, traffic flow was allocated to the road network of the CCDs by the dynamic assignment model, and the heavy-traffic roads were identified. Then, traffic flow guidance measures mainly including forbidding straight, left turn, or right turn were given, and the evaluation model above was applied to select the optimal measure. Finally, with VISSIM simulation software, the model was applied to the Tianjin Binjiangdao CCD, which illustrated that the satisfied guidance measure can be selected effectively.

Development of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-355
Author(s):  
Cadets John P. Nolan ◽  
Susan J. Blood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Pollution Damage ◽  
Information Center

ABSTRACT The International Oil Pollution Prevention and Response (OPPR) Convention represents current international efforts to improve capabilities to prepare for and respond to catastrophic oil spills. Initiated by the United States, it is being negotiated by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Major components of the proposal include the establishment of an International Marine Pollution Information Center located at IMO headquarters, National Response Centers in each coastal state, and oil spill response contingency plans for ships. Other proposed articles include prepositioning of oil response equipment in high-risk areas, a research and development program for response techniques, and international cooperation during responses to catastrophic oil spills. Several problems have complicated negotiations of the OPPR Convention. First, severe time constraints have been placed on the negotiators, with the final conference1 to consider the OPPR scheduled for November 1990. Second, the United States suffers from a lack of credibility in the IMO, since the Senate has not yet ratified previous initiatives, the 1984 protocols to the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, and the 1971 Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. Finally, the IMO's financial troubles have placed the concept of the International Information Center in jeopardy. In spite of these obstacles, a clear majority of countries are willing to support the document, realizing that it fills a gap in marine oil pollution prevention and response. The OPPR Convention will likely be carried through to adoption by the November conference. This paper traces the development of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Response and Prevention. It summarizes the background and initial proposals of the Convention, and then discusses the problems that arose during negotiations. Finally, it describes the present status of the Convention and offers a projection of its future direction.

OIL SPILL STRATEGY IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: NEW TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MECHANICAL SPILL RESPONSE

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Klaus Schroh
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Prevention and control of oil spills in the Federal Republic of Germany are based on an agreement between the federal government and the four coastal states. Comprehensive procurement and reconstruction programs for oil pollution personnel and equipment are realized and finalized within two years. The Federal Minister for Research and Technology contributed substantially toward using advanced oil spill response techniques at sea and for shoreline cleanup. Since the particular ecological conditions of the Wadden Sea on the German coastline greatly limit dispersant application, main emphasis was given to developing recovery systems meeting the following requirements:An extended scope of mechanical application at sea, for wave heights exceeding 1.2 m (4 feet)New types of recovery vessels with multiple functions, like bunkering services and floating reception facilitiesOil recovery with self-driven vessels for shallow waters close to the coastline and embankmentsDesign of an amphibious chain-driven vehicle for oil recovery in Wadden Sea areas. With the integration of these new types of oil recovery vessels or systems the German recovery fleet now consists of 6 high-sea-going vessels and 14 recovery vessel devices for shoreline cleanup.

THE CONCENTRATIONS OF OIL IN SEA WATER RESULTING FROM NATURAL AND CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISPERSION OF OIL SLICKS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cormack ◽  
J.A. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Low Toxicity

ABSTRACT Results are presented on the factors relating to the dissipation of oil spills at sea, including evaporation, emulsion formation, spreading, and natural dispersion into the water column. For Ekofisk oil, 20% evaporates in about 7.5 hours and, while emulsion formation is as rapid as for Kuwait crude, the resulting viscosity is low and insufficient to allow interference with the natural spreading and dispersion rates. Spreading has two components. One is controlled by surface tension-viscous drag forces and the other is wind-induced. Together they contribute to the two dimensional dissipation of the oil so that subsequent oil concentrations in the sea are of necessity, low. These concentrations were measured for naturally dispersing and chemically dispersed slicks. The chemically-dispersed slicks were of two kinds. One was previously weathered for three hours, the other was of controlled thickness and was dispersed immediately upon being laid. Resulting concentrations of oil in the sea are low and of short duration compared with those required to give observable effects in laboratory toxicity studies. No significant deleterious effects were found to result from the dispersion of oil slicks at sea using low toxicity dispersant chemicals; also it was noted that, in any case, substantial quantities of oil can be expected to enter the sea before oil recovery operations can be mounted.

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