During the development of the Strategic Highway Research Program low-temperature binder specifications, in an effort to propose practical laboratory tests that require less time to perform, the time–temperature superposition principle was used to show that the stiffness after 2 h of loading at the performance-graded (PG) low temperature can be approximated by the stiffness after 60 s of loading at 10°C above the PG low temperature. This equivalence principle was developed on the basis of test results from the eight core asphalts and is widely accepted today. However, actual 2-h tests were not performed to experimentally validate this equivalence. Furthermore, the effect of physical hardening on time–temperature superposition was not considered. The validity of the time–temperature equivalence factor used in the low-temperature specification criterion and the ways in which the deviations could affect the current specification are evaluated.
Regimes of Flow over Complex Structures of Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
