Biosynthesis of Lipid Precursors to Surfactant Production

Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that have been used in widely used as emulsifier and cleaning agent in various industries. These broad industrial applications made the global surfactant production increased annually. In 2020, the amount of global surfactant production estimated would reach more than 24 million per year. However, the currently used surfactants are synthetically produced from chemical or petroleum-derived products, so it is often toxic and non-biodegradable. Rhamnolipids are “surfactant like” molecules produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which could be alternatives for more environmentally friendly surfactants. The use of rhamnolipids is quite limited due to its expensive production cost. The production cost of rhamnolipid could be reduced using by agro-industrial by-product as a substrate. One of the abundant agro-industrial by-products in Indonesia that can be used as a substrate for rhamnolipid production is Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB). This study employed SuperPro Designer v9.5 to performed process simulation and economic assessment of rhamnolipid production using OPEFB as a substrate through two different purification methods, which are solvent extraction and chromatography adsorption. Based on the process simulation that has been done, the process that used adsorption chromatography purification methods more efficient in terms of the usage of the feedstock and energy. The economic assessment also showed that these methods were more profitable and economically attractive, with the value of NPV 11.400.000 USD, IRR 11,64%, and Payback Period 6,21 years.

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Prostaglandins mediate the fetal pulmonary response to intrauterine inflammation

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.00297.2011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 302 (7) ◽

pp. L664-L678 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Alana J. Westover ◽

Stuart B. Hooper ◽

Megan J. Wallace ◽

Timothy J. M. Moss

Keyword(s):

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Lung Inflammation ◽

Lung Surfactant ◽

Fetal Lung ◽

Surfactant Protein ◽

Fetal Plasma ◽

Pulmonary Response ◽

Surfactant Production ◽

Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase ◽

Prostaglandin H

Intra-amniotic (IA) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces intrauterine and fetal lung inflammation and increases lung surfactant and compliance in preterm sheep; however, the mechanisms are unknown. Prostaglandins (PGs) are inflammatory mediators, and PGE2 has established roles in fetal lung surfactant production. The aim of our first study was to determine PGE2 concentrations in response to IA LPS and pulmonary gene expression for PG synthetic [prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) and PGE synthase (PGES)] and PG-metabolizing [prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH)] enzymes and PGE2 receptors. Our second study aimed to block LPS-induced increases in PGE2 with a PGHS-2 inhibitor (nimesulide) and determine lung inflammation and surfactant protein mRNA expression. Pregnant ewes received an IA saline or LPS injection at 118 days of gestation. In study 1, fetal plasma and amniotic fluid were sampled before and at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after injection and then daily, and fetuses were delivered 2 or 7 days later. Amniotic fluid PGE2 concentrations increased ( P < 0.05) 12 h and 3–6 days after LPS. Fetal lung PGHS-2 mRNA and PGES mRNA increased 2 ( P = 0.0084) and 7 ( P = 0.014) days after LPS, respectively. In study 2, maternal intravenous nimesulide or vehicle infusion began immediately before LPS or saline injection and continued until delivery 2 days later. Nimesulide inhibited LPS-induced increases in PGE2 and decreased fetal lung IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA ( P ≤ 0.002) without altering lung inflammatory cell infiltration. Nimesulide decreased surfactant protein (SP)-A ( P = 0.05), -B ( P = 0.05), and -D ( P = 0.0015) but increased SP-C mRNA ( P = 0.023). Thus PGHS-2 mediates, at least in part, fetal pulmonary responses to inflammation.

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Novel High-Throughput Detection Method To Assess Bacterial Surfactant Production

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00592-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (16) ◽

pp. 5363-5372 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Adrien Y. Burch ◽

Briana K. Shimada ◽

Patrick J. Browne ◽

Steven E. Lindow

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

High Throughput ◽

Water Drop ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Swarming Motility ◽

Detection Assay ◽

Wide Range ◽

Surfactant Production ◽

Transposon Mutants ◽

High Throughput Detection

ABSTRACT A novel biosurfactant detection assay was developed for the observation of surfactants on agar plates. By using an airbrush to apply a fine mist of oil droplets, surfactants can be observed instantaneously as halos around biosurfactant-producing colonies. This atomized oil assay can detect a wide range of different synthetic and bacterially produced surfactants. This method could detect much lower concentrations of many surfactants than a commonly used water drop collapse method. It is semiquantitative and therefore has broad applicability for uses such as high-throughput mutagenesis screens of biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains. The atomized oil assay was used to screen for mutants of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a that were altered in the production of biosurfactants. Transposon mutants displaying significantly altered surfactant halos were identified and further analyzed. All mutants identified displayed altered swarming motility, as would be expected of surfactant mutants. Additionally, measurements of the transcription of the syringafactin biosynthetic cluster in the mutants, the principal biosurfactant known to be produced by B728a, revealed novel regulators of this pathway.

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Impaired Surfactant Production by Alveolar Epithelial Cells in a SCID-hu Lung Mouse Model of Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01054-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 86 (23) ◽

pp. 12795-12805 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

E. Maidji ◽

G. Kosikova ◽

P. Joshi ◽

C. A. Stoddart

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Human Cytomegalovirus ◽

Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽

Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽

Alveolar Epithelial ◽

Surfactant Production ◽

Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

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Extremely preterm infant with persistent peeling skin: X-linked ichthyosis imitates prematurity

Case Reports in Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/crpm-2021-0028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Brigitte Burcescu ◽

Heather L. Brumberg ◽

Shetal I. Shah

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infant ◽

Genetic Disorder ◽

Steroid Sulfatase ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽

Extremely Preterm ◽

Extremely Preterm Infants ◽

Surfactant Production ◽

Age Of Diagnosis ◽

Scaly Skin

Abstract Objectives X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in steroid sulfatase, an enzyme which catalyzes a reaction in estrone synthesis. The disorder primarily manifests as dry, scaly skin which may be difficult to diagnose in extremely preterm infants, as the dermatological features may be falsely attributed to a normal variant of skin for this population. Case presentation In this case report, we describe a male with XLI, born at 24 weeks gestation, who had persistent dry, flaky and hyperpigmented skin. This case is notable for the age of diagnosis in an extremely premature infant; day of life 105. In addition, this infant experienced out of proportion bronchopulmonary symptoms that we postulate may be linked to the steroid sulfatase deficiency, as estrogen is a mediator of surfactant production. Conclusions This report underscores the need to potentially evaluate persistent dry, flaky skin in the preterm infant, as XLI may also impact long term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

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