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PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262460
Author(s):  
Gifty E. Acquah ◽  
Javier Hernandez-Allica ◽  
Cathy L. Thomas ◽  
Sarah J. Dunham ◽  
Erick K. Towett ◽  
...  

With the increasing popularity of local blending of fertilisers, the fertiliser industry faces issues regarding quality control and fertiliser adulteration. Another problem is the contamination of fertilisers with trace elements that have been shown to subsequently accumulate in the soil and be taken up by plants, posing a danger to the environment and human health. Conventional characterisation methods necessary to ensure the quality of fertilisers and to comply with local regulations are costly, time consuming and sometimes not even accessible. Alternatively, using a wide range of unamended and intentionally amended fertilisers this study developed empirical calibrations for a portable handheld X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer, determined the reliability for estimating the macro and micro nutrients and evaluated the use of the pXRF for the high-throughput detection of trace element contaminants in fertilisers. The models developed using pXRF for Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo had R2 values greater or equal to 0.97. These models also performed well on validation, with R2 values greater or equal to 0.97 (except for Fe, R2val = 0.55) and slope values ranging from 0.81 to 1.44. A second set of models were developed with a focus on trace elements in amended fertilisers. The R2 values of calibration for Co, Ni, As, Se, Cd and Pb were greater than or equal to 0.80. At concentrations up to 1000 mg kg-1, good validation statistics were also obtained; R2 values ranged from 0.97–0.99, except in one instance. The regression coefficients of the validation also had good prediction in the range of 0–100 mg kg-1 (R2 values were from 0.78–0.99), but not as well at lower concentrations up to 20 mg kg-1 (R2 values ranged from 0.10–0.99), especially for Cd. This study has demonstrated that pXRF can measure several major (P, Ca) and micro (Mn, Fe, Cu) nutrients, as well as trace elements and potential contaminants (Cr, Ni, As) in fertilisers with high accuracy and precision. The results obtained in this study is good, especially considering that loose powders were scanned for a maximum of 90 seconds without the use of a vacuum pump.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Yujin Chu ◽  
Yingkuan Han ◽  
Le Qiang ◽  
...  

The infectious diseases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been global public health threats and caught worldwide concern. Until now, rapid, low-cost and high-throughput detection of the COVID-19 virus is...


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhuo Zhang ◽  
Lingyan Zhou ◽  
Qingqing Feng ◽  
Qinglin Li ◽  
Minghua Ge

Clinical studies have shown similarities in the genetic background and biological functional characteristics between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and that HT may increase risks of PTC. Here, we set to determine the gene expression specificity of HT and PTC by screening related genes or co-expressed genes and exploring their genetic correlation. Referencing the Oncomine database, HT-related genes were discovered to be expressed in many different types of thyroid cancer, such as TSHR that is highly expressed in thyroid cancer. An in-depth genetic analysis and verification of 35 cancer and paracancerous tissue pairs from patients with thyroid cancer, and 35 tissues and blood cells pairs from patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was conducted. Gene chip technology research showed that TSHR, BACH2, FOXE1, RNASET2, CTLA4, PTPN22, IL2RA and other HT-related genes were all expressed in PTC, in which TSHR was significantly over-expressed in PTC patients sensitive to radioactive iodine therapy, while BACH2 was significantly under-expressed in these patients. The biologically significant candidate Tag SNP highlighted from HT-related genes was screened by the high-throughput detection method. Somatic mutations in patients with HT and PTC were detected by target region capture technique, and 75 mutations were found in patients with HT and PTC. The upstream regulatory factors of the different genes shared by HT and PTC were analyzed based on Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), and it was found that HIF-1α and PD-L1 could be used as important upstream regulatory signal molecules. These results provide a basis for screening key diagnostic genes of PTC by highlighting the relationship between some HT-related genes and their polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of PTC.


Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Sumin Bian ◽  
Ying Tao ◽  
Zhoule Zhu ◽  
Peixi Zhu ◽  
Qiqin Wang ◽  
...  

On-site monitoring of carbamazepine (CBZ) that allows rapid, sensitive, automatic, and high-throughput detection directly from whole blood is of urgent demand in current clinical practice for precision medicine. Herein, we developed two types (being indirect vs. direct) of fiber-optic biolayer interferometry (FO-BLI) biosensors for on-site CBZ monitoring. The indirect FO-BLI biosensor preincubated samples with monoclonal antibodies towards CBZ (MA-CBZ), and the mixture competes with immobilized CBZ to bind towards MA-CBZ. The direct FO-BLI biosensor used sample CBZ and CBZ-horseradish peroxidase (CBZ-HRP) conjugate to directly compete for binding with immobilized MA-CBZ, followed by a metal precipitate 3,3′-diaminobenzidine to amplify the signals. Indirect FO-BLI detected CBZ within its therapeutic range and was regenerated up to 12 times with negligible baseline drift, but reported results in 25 min. However, Direct FO-BLI achieved CBZ detection in approximately 7.5 min, down to as low as 10 ng/mL, with good accuracy, specificity and negligible matric interference using a high-salt buffer. Validation of Direct FO-BLI using six paired sera and whole blood from epileptic patients showed excellent agreement with ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Being automated and able to achieve high throughput, Direct FO-BLI proved itself to be more effective for integration into the clinic by delivering CBZ values from whole blood within minutes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Sadashiv Gidde ◽  
Shyam Sunder Prasad ◽  
Ajay Pratap Singh ◽  
Nitin Bhatheja ◽  
Satyartha Prakash ◽  
...  

AbstractSARS-CoV2 pandemic exposed the limitations of artificial intelligence based medical imaging systems. Earlier in the pandemic, the absence of sufficient training data prevented effective deep learning (DL) solutions for the diagnosis of COVID-19 based on X-Ray data. Here, addressing the lacunae in existing literature and algorithms with the paucity of initial training data; we describe CovBaseAI, an explainable tool using an ensemble of three DL models and an expert decision system (EDS) for COVID-Pneumonia diagnosis, trained entirely on pre-COVID-19 datasets. The performance and explainability of CovBaseAI was primarily validated on two independent datasets. Firstly, 1401 randomly selected CxR from an Indian quarantine center to assess effectiveness in excluding radiological COVID-Pneumonia requiring higher care. Second, curated dataset; 434 RT-PCR positive cases and 471 non-COVID/Normal historical scans, to assess performance in advanced medical settings. CovBaseAI had an accuracy of 87% with a negative predictive value of 98% in the quarantine-center data. However, sensitivity was 0.66–0.90 taking RT-PCR/radiologist opinion as ground truth. This work provides new insights on the usage of EDS with DL methods and the ability of algorithms to confidently predict COVID-Pneumonia while reinforcing the established learning; that benchmarking based on RT-PCR may not serve as reliable ground truth in radiological diagnosis. Such tools can pave the path for multi-modal high throughput detection of COVID-Pneumonia in screening and referral.


Mobile DNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Borges-Monroy ◽  
Chong Chu ◽  
Caroline Dias ◽  
Jaejoon Choi ◽  
Soohyun Lee ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Retrotransposons have been implicated as causes of Mendelian disease, but their role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not been systematically defined, because they are only called with adequate sensitivity from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data and a large enough cohort for this analysis has only recently become available. Results We analyzed WGS data from a cohort of 2288 ASD families from the Simons Simplex Collection by establishing a scalable computational pipeline for retrotransposon insertion detection. We report 86,154 polymorphic retrotransposon insertions—including > 60% not previously reported—and 158 de novo retrotransposition events. The overall burden of de novo events was similar between ASD individuals and unaffected siblings, with 1 de novo insertion per 29, 117, and 206 births for Alu, L1, and SVA respectively, and 1 de novo insertion per 21 births total. However, ASD cases showed more de novo L1 insertions than expected in ASD genes. Additionally, we observed exonic insertions in loss-of-function intolerant genes, including a likely pathogenic exonic insertion in CSDE1, only in ASD individuals. Conclusions These findings suggest a modest, but important, impact of intronic and exonic retrotransposon insertions in ASD, show the importance of WGS for their analysis, and highlight the utility of specific bioinformatic tools for high-throughput detection of retrotransposon insertions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Yao ◽  
Zi-yi Yao ◽  
Xue-xia Jia ◽  
Shu-yue Ren ◽  
Shi-ping Yang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background As a common small molecule substance, environmental hormones widely exist in nature, especially water sources, which have a profound effects in humans. Highly efficient and sensitive method for estrogens in the environment are essential. Results In this paper, a novel high-throughput platform was established based on five small hormones molecules specificity aptamer and magnetic beads (MBs). The results showed that the sensitivity of the proposed method are greatly improved. The limit of detection(LOD) of this method for atrazine(Atz), profenofos, bisphenolA(BPA), estradiol(E2), and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) were 9.46, 20.75, 23.81, 8.97, 6.27 pg/mL, respectively. The Recovery rate of the diluted environmental hormones spiked in the samples of Haihe river were in the range of 87.5-111.02% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 28.44%. Conclusion This platform based on new complementary strand fragments can simultaneously rapid detection five environmental hormones. The whole procedure completed within 1.5h including sample treatment, incubation and detection, greatly improving the detection efficiency.


Author(s):  
Shishir Tandon ◽  
Suman Lata Pal

Abstract A sensitive and reliable method for simultaneous determination of oryzalin and ethofumesate residues in pantnagar soil and water was validated. The compounds were extracted by LLE with dichloromethane from water, and acetone:methanol mixture from soil followed by SPE cleanup. Detection and quantification was done by RP-HPLC using mobile phase methanol:water (70:30, v/v) at 280 nm. The developed method showed satisfactory validation results with linearity (0.99), relative standard deviations (1.55 and 1.73%), and limit of quantification (0.002 μg g−1 and 0.005 μg g−1) for ethofumesate and oryzalin, respectively. Recoveries ranged for oryzalin and ethofumesate from 79.80–90.52, 75.58–86.04% (soil) and 83.50–95.92, 82.28–94.60% (water), respectively. The method could be used for routine high-throughput detection and determination of these compounds.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie E Hofmann ◽  
Marica Grossegesse ◽  
Markus Neumann ◽  
Lars Schaade ◽  
Andreas Nitsche

Background: High-throughput detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 presents a valuable tool for vaccine trials or investigations of population immunity. We evaluate the performance of the first commercial surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT, GenScript Biotech) against SARS-CoV-2 plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) in convalescent and vaccinated individuals. We compare it to five other ELISAs, two of which are designed to detect neutralizing antibodies. Results: In 491 pre-vaccination serum samples, sVNT missed 23.6% of PRNT-positive samples when using the manufacturer-recommended cutoff of 30% binding inhibition. Introducing a equivocal area between 15 and 35% maximized sensitivity and specificity against PRNT to 72.8-93.1 % and 73.5-97.6%, respectively. The overall diagnostic performance of the other ELISAs for neutralizing antibodies was below that of sVNT. Vaccinated individuals exhibited higher antibody titers by PRNT (median 119.8, IQR 56.7-160) and binding inhibition by sVNT (median 95.7, IQR 88.1-96.8) than convalescent patients (median 49.1, IQR 20-62; median 52.9, IQR 31.2-76.2). Conclusion: GenScript sVNT is suitable to screen for SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies; however, to obtain accurate results, confirmatory testing by PRNT in a equivocal area is required. This equivocal area may require adaptation for use in vaccinated individuals, due to higher antibody titers.


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