Nanoparticle Deposition on Packaging Materials by Liquid Flame Spray

ABSTRACTNanostructured coatings have been prepared on a ﬂexible, moving paperboard using deposition of ca. 10-50-nm-sized titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles generated by a liquid ﬂame spray process, directly above the paperboard, to achieve improved functional properties for the material. With moderately high production rate (∼ g/min), the method is applicable for thin aerosol coating of large area surfaces. LFS-made nanocoating can be synthesized e.g. on paper, board or polymer film in roll-to-roll process. The degree of particle agglomeration is governed by both physicochemical properties of the particle material and residence time in aerosol phase prior to deposition. By adjusting the speed of the substrate, even heat sensitive materials can be coated. In this study, nanoparticles were deposited directly on a moving paperboard with line speeds 50-300 m/min. Functional properties of the nanocoating can be varied by changing nanoparticle material; e.g. TiO2and SiO2are used for changing the surface wetting properties. If the liquid precursors are dissolved in one solution, synthesis of multi component nanoparticle coatings is possible in a one phase process. Here, we present analysis of the properties of LFS-fabricated nanocoatings on paperboard. The thermophoretic ﬂux of nanoparticles is estimated to be very high from the hot ﬂame onto the cold substrate. A highly hydrophobic coating was obtained by a mass loading in the order of 50–100 mg/m2of titanium dioxide on the paperboard.

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Nanoparticle Deposition from Liquid Flame Spray onto Moving Roll-to-Roll Paperboard Material

Aerosol Science and Technology ◽

10.1080/02786826.2011.566292 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 827-837 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Jyrki M. Mäkelä ◽

Mikko Aromaa ◽

Hannu Teisala ◽

Mikko Tuominen ◽

Milena Stepien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Spray ◽

Nanoparticle Deposition ◽

Roll To Roll ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

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Adjustable wettability of paperboard by liquid flame spray nanoparticle deposition

Applied Surface Science ◽

10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.09.025 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 257 (6) ◽

pp. 1911-1917 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Milena Stepien ◽

Jarkko J. Saarinen ◽

Hannu Teisala ◽

Mikko Tuominen ◽

Mikko Aromaa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Spray ◽

Nanoparticle Deposition ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

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Adjustable wetting of Liquid Flame Spray (LFS) TiO2-nanoparticle coated board: Batch-type versus roll-to-roll stimulation methods

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-2014-29-02-p271-279 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 271-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mikko Tuominen ◽

Hannu Teisala ◽

Janne Haapanen ◽

Mikko Aromaa ◽

Jyrki M. Mäkelä ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Argon Plasma ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

High Volume ◽

Point Of View ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Batch Type ◽

Roll To Roll ◽

Long Time ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

Abstract Superhydrophobic nanoparticle coating was created on the surface of board using liquid flame spray (LFS). The LFS coating was carried out continuously in ambient conditions without any additional hydrophobization steps. The contact angle of water (CAW) of ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 coating was adjusted reversibly from >150° down to ~10−20° using different stimulation methods. From industrial point of view, the controlled surface wetting has been in focus for a long time because it defines the liquid-solid contact area, and furthermore can enhance the mechanical and chemical bonding on the interface between the liquid and the solid. The used stimulation methods included batch-type methods: artificial daylight illumination and heat treatment and roll-to-roll methods: corona, argon plasma, IR (infra red)- and UV (ultra violet)-treatments. On the contrary to batch-type methods, the adjustment and switching of wetting was done only in seconds or fraction of seconds using roll-to-roll stimulation methods. This is significant in the converting processes of board since they are usually continuous, high volume operations. In addition, the creation of microfluidic patterns on the surface of TiO2 coated board using simple photomasking and surface stimulation was demonstrated. This provides new advantages and possibilities, especially in the field of intelligent printing. Limited durability and poor repellency against low surface tension liquids are presently the main limitations of LFS coatings.

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Liquid Flame Spray as a Means to Achieve Nanoscale Coatings with Easy-to-Clean Properties

Self-Cleaning Materials and Surfaces ◽

10.1002/9781118652336.ch8 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 229-251 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mikko Aromaa ◽

Joe A. Pimenoff ◽

Jyrki M. Mäkelä

Keyword(s):

Flame Spray ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

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Iron Oxide Doped Alumina-Zirconia Nanoparticle Synthesis by Liquid Flame Spray from Metal Organic Precursors

Research Letters in Nanotechnology ◽

10.1155/2008/516478 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2008 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Juha-Pekka Nikkanen ◽

Helmi Keskinen ◽

Mikko Aromaa ◽

Mikael Järn ◽

Tomi Kanerva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽

Particle Morphology ◽

Particulate Material ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Primary Particles ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Zirconia Nanoparticle ◽

Phase And Chemical Composition ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

The liquid flame spray (LFS) method was used to make iron oxide doped alumina-zirconia nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were generated using a turbulent, high-temperature (Tmax⁡∼3000 K)H2-O2flame. The precursors were aluminium-isopropoxide, zirconium-n-propoxide, and ferrocene in xylene solution. The solution was atomized into micron-sized droplets by high velocityH2flow and introduced into the flame where nanoparticles were formed. The particle morphology, size, phase, and chemical composition were determined by TEM, XRD, XPS, andN2-adsorption measurements. The collected particulate material consists of micron-sized aggregates with nanosized primary particles. In both doped and undoped samples, tetragonal phase of zirconia was detected in room temperature while alumina was found to be noncrystalline. In the doped powder, Fe was oxidized toFe2O3. The primary particle size of collected sample was approximately from 6 nm to 40 nm. Doping was observed to increase the specific surface area of the powder from 39 m2/g to 47 m2/g.

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Titania and titania-silver nanoparticle deposits made by Liquid Flame Spray and their functionality as photocatalyst for organic- and biofilm removal

Catalysis Letters ◽

10.1007/s10562-006-0138-3 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 111 (3-4) ◽

pp. 127-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Helmi Keskinen ◽

Jyrki M. Mäkelä ◽

Mikko Aromaa ◽

Jorma Keskinen ◽

Sami Areva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticle ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Biofilm Removal ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

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Hydrophobisation of wood surfaces by combining liquid flame spray (LFS) and plasma treatment: dynamic wetting properties

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2015-0148 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 527-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Maziar Sedighi Moghaddam ◽

Golrokh Heydari ◽

Mikko Tuominen ◽

Matthew Fielden ◽

Janne Haapanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Hydrophobic Effect ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Sorption Behavior ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Wood Surfaces ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

Abstract The hydrophilic nature of wood surfaces is a major cause for water uptake and subsequent biological degradation and dimensional changes. In the present paper, a thin transparent superhydrophobic layer on pine veneer surfaces has been created for controlling surface wettability and water repellency. This effect was achieved by means of the liquid flame spray (LFS) technique, in the course of which the nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) was brought to the surface, followed by plasma polymerisation. Plasma polymerised perfluorohexane (PFH) or hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) were then deposited onto the LFS-treated wood surfaces. The same treatment systems were applied to silicon wafers so as to have well-defined reference surfaces. The dynamic wettability was studied by the multicycle Wilhelmy plate (mWP) method, resulting in advancing and receding contact angles as well as sorption behavior of the samples during repeated wetting cycles in water. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterise the topography and surface chemical compositions and to elucidate the question how the morphology of the nanoparticles and plasma affect the wetting behavior. A multi-scale roughness (micro-nano roughness) was found and this enhanced the forced wetting durability via a superhydrophobic effect on the surface, which was stable even after repeated wetting cycles. The hydrophobic effect of this approach was higher compared to that of plasma modified surfaces with their micro-scale modification.

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SERS Active Substrates by Liquid Flame Spray and Inkjet Printed Silver Nanoparticles

Advanced Photonics 2013 ◽

10.1364/sensors.2013.sw1b.4 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Jarkko J. Saarinen ◽

Dimitar Valtakari ◽

Janne Haapanen ◽

Turkka Salminen ◽

Jyrki M. Mäkelä ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

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Generation of silver/palladium nanoparticles by liquid flame spray

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.2004.0207 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 1544-1550 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

H. Keskinen ◽

J.M. Mäkelä ◽

M. Vippola ◽

M. Nurminen ◽

J. Liimatainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Pure Metal ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Molar Ratios ◽

Palladium Nitrate ◽

Aerosol Instrumentation ◽

Silver Palladium ◽

Liquid Flame Spray

Ag–Pd alloy nanoparticles have been generated from silver and palladium nitrate precursors using a high temperature aerosol method, the liquid flame spray (LFS) process. In the LFS process, a spray aerosol of precursor liquid is introduced into a high-temperature H2–O2 flame. The primary micron-sized spray droplets evaporatein the flame, and the final particulate product is a result of the nucleation of the pure metal vapors shortly after the flame. In the study, three Ag–Pd molar ratios—10:90, 50:50, and 90:10—were used in the precursor. As a result of the synthesis, metalalloy nanoparticles with practically the same concentration ratios, correspondingly, were produced with the method. In the experiments, metal mass flow rates of 0.01–0.8 g/min were covered. The size of the particles was determined to be in the rangeof 10–50 nm by aerosol instrumentation. The particles were spherical and slightly agglomerated. It was concluded that the particle size can be controlled via the total precursor mass flow rate, and the composition can be controlled by the molar ratio of Ag and Pd compounds in the precursor liquid.

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