scholarly journals Tracing from Fat Tissue, Liver, and Pancreas: A Neuroanatomical Framework for the Role of the Brain in Type 2 Diabetes

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 1140-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Kreier ◽  
Yolanda S. Kap ◽  
Thomas C. Mettenleiter ◽  
Caroline van Heijningen ◽  
Jan van der Vliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Liver And Pancreas ◽  
Body Compartments

The hypothalamus uses hormones and the autonomic nervous system to balance energy fluxes in the body. Here we show that the autonomic nervous system has a distinct organization in different body compartments. The same neurons control intraabdominal organs (intraabdominal fat, liver, and pancreas), whereas sc adipose tissue located outside the abdominal compartment receives input from another set of autonomic neurons. This differentiation persists up to preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamus, including the biological clock, that have a distinct organization depending on the body compartment they command. Moreover, we demonstrate a neuronal feedback from adipose tissue that reaches the brainstem. We propose that this compartment-specific organization offers a neuroanatomical perspective for the regional malfunction of organs in type 2 diabetes, where increased insulin secretion by the pancreas and disturbed glucose metabolism in the liver coincide with an augmented metabolic activity of visceral compared with sc adipose tissue.

scholarly journals The Influence of Autonomic Dysfunction Associated with Aging and Type 2 Diabetes on Daily Life Activities

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold Petrofsky ◽  
Lee Berk ◽  
Hani Al-Nakhli
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ageing have well documented effects on every organ in the body. In T2D the autonomic nervous system is impaired due to damage to neurons, sensory receptors, synapses and the blood vessels. This paper will concentrate on how autonomic impairment alters normal daily activities. Impairments include the response of the blood vessels to heat, sweating, heat transfer, whole body heating, orthostatic intolerance, balance, and gait. Because diabetes is more prevalent in older individuals, the effects of ageing will be examined. Beginning with endothelial dysfunction, blood vessels have impairment in their ability to vasodilate. With this and synaptic damage, the autonomic nervous system cannot compensate for effectors such as pressure on and heating of the skin. This and reduced ability of the heart to respond to stress, reduces autonomic orthostatic compensation. Diminished sweating causes the skin and core temperature to be high during whole body heating. Impaired orthostatic tolerance, impaired vision and vestibular sensing, causes poor balance and impaired gait. Overall, people with T2D must be made aware and counseled relative to the potential consequence of these impairments.

PS9 - 4. Changes in Circadian Haemodynamics and Autonomic Nervous System Balance in Non- Hypertensive Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Marcel H.A. Muskiet ◽  
Mark M. Smits ◽  
Maarten E. Tushuizen ◽  
Kelly A.A. Kwa ◽  
Daniel H. van Raalte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

scholarly journals The biological clock tunes the organs of the body: timing by hormones and the autonomic nervous system

2003 ◽  
Vol 177 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Buijs ◽  
CG van Eden ◽  
VD Goncharuk ◽  
A Kalsbeek
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Similar Organization

The biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is essential for our daily well-being. It prepares us for the upcoming period of activity by an anticipatory rise in heart rate, glucose and cortisol. At the same time the 'hormone of the darkness', melatonin, decreases. Thus, the time-of-day message penetrates into all tissues, interestingly not only by means of hormones but also by a direct neuronal influence of the SCN on the organs of the body. The axis between the SCN and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is crucial for the organization/synchronization of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system with the time of day. This SCN-neuroendocrine PVN axis takes care of a timely hormonal secretion. At the same time, the SCN-autonomic PVN axis fine-tunes the organs by means of the autonomic nervous system for the reception of these hormones. Finally, the similar organization of the projections of the human SCN as compared with that in the rodent brain suggests that these basic principles of neuroendocrine autonomic interaction may also be true in the human. The physiological data collected in humans thus far seem to support this hypothesis, while pathological changes in the SCN of humans suffering from depression or hypertension indicate a role for the SCN in the etiology of these diseases.

scholarly journals Relationship between Autonomic Nervous System Function and Continuous Interstitial Glucose Measurement in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavroula Kalopita ◽  
Stavros Liatis ◽  
Petros Thomakos ◽  
Ioannis Vlahodimitris ◽  
Chryssoula Stathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Diabetes Duration ◽  
System Function ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System Function ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Nervous System Function

Aims. The Aim of the present study was to examine whether there is a relationship between autonomic nervous system function and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Methods. A total of 50 (29 males) patients with T2D (mean age 58.4 ± 9.9 years, median diabetes duration 5.5 [IQR 2.0–9.25] years), on oral antidiabetic agents, underwent ECG recording and subcutaneous glucose monitoring, simultaneously and continuously, for 24 hours.Results. After adjustment for HbA1c and diabetes duration, total power of heart rate variability (HRV) was inversely associated with the standard deviation of the mean interstitial tissue glucose (MITG) and with theM-value during the entire recording (r: −0.29,P=0.052;r: −0.30,P=0.047, resp.) and during the night (r: −0.29,P=0.047;r: −0.31,P=0.03, resp.). Most of the HRV time-domain indices were significantly correlated with standard deviation of the MITG and theM-value. These correlations were stronger for the HRV recordings during the night. No significant association was found between HRV parameters and MAGE.Conclusions. HRV is inversely associated with GV in patients with T2D, which might be a sign of causation between GV and autonomic dysfunction. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the importance of GV in the pathogenesis of long-term complications of diabetes.

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