AbstractImportanceActivation of brain insulin receptors occurs on mesocorticolimbic regions, modulating reward sensitivity and inhibitory control. Variations in the functioning of this mechanism likely associate with individual differences in the risk for related psychopathologies (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, addiction), an idea that agrees with the high comorbidity between insulin resistant states and psychiatric conditions. While genetic studies comprise an interesting tool to explore neurobiological mechanisms in community samples, the conventional genome-wide association studies and polygenic risk score methodologies completely ignore the fact that genes operate in networks, and code for precise biological functions in specific tissues.ObjectiveWe propose a novel, biologically informed genetic score reflecting the mesocorticolimbic insulin receptor-related gene network, and investigate if it predicts dopamine-related psychopathology (impulsivity and addiction) in community samples.DesignBirth cohort (Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment, MAVAN) and adult cohort (Study of Addiction, Genes and Environment, SAGE).SettingGeneral community.Participants212 4-year-old children (MAVAN), and 1626 adults (SAGE).ExposureThe biologically informed, mesocorticolimbic specific, insulin receptor polygenic score was created based on levels of co-expression with the insulin receptor in striatum and prefrontal cortex, and calculated in the two samples using the genotype data (Psychip/Psycharray).Main outcomechildhood impulsivity in the Information Sampling task, and risk for early addiction onset.ResultsThe insulin receptor polygenic score showed improved prediction of childhood impulsivity in boys and risk for early addiction onset in males in comparison to conventional polygenic risk scores for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or addiction.Conclusions and relevanceThis novel genomic approach reveals insulin action as a relevant biological process involved in the risk for dopamine-related psychopathology.Key pointsQuestionConsidering the modulation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathways by insulin through the action on its receptors (IR), we investigated if a novel, region specific polygenic score on the IR-related gene network (ePRS-IR) is associated with dopamine-related behaviors (impulsivity and addiction).FindingsThe ePRS-IR showed improved prediction of childhood impulsivity and risk for early addiction onset in comparison to conventional polygenic risk scores for ADHD or addiction.MeaningThis novel genomic approach reveals insulin action as a biological process involved in the risk for dopamine-related psychopathology.
Expression of a Tumor-Related Gene Network Increases in the Mammalian Hypothalamus at the Time of Female Puberty
