scholarly journals Tissue Selectivity of the Anabolic Steroid, 19-Nor-4-Androstenediol-3β,17β-Diol in Male Sprague Dawley Rats: Selective Stimulation of Muscle Mass and Bone Mineral Density Relative to Prostate Mass

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 1987-1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T. Page ◽  
Brett T. Marck ◽  
James M. Tolliver ◽  
Alvin M. Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tissue Selectivity ◽  
Prostate Growth ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of prostate growth is a major concern with testosterone therapy in older hypogonadal men. As a result, nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators with anabolic activity but less prostate stimulation are being developed. Anabolic steroids might exhibit similar tissue selectivity. We hypothesized the anabolic steroid 19-nor-4-androstenediol-3β,17β-diol (3β,19-NA) would increase muscle, lean body mass (LBM), and bone mineral density (BMD) with little stimulation of prostate growth. Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with SILASTIC brand (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) capsules containing 3β,19-NA (4, 8, or 16 cm), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (8 cm), 19-nortestosterone (16 cm), or four empty capsules after undergoing either a sham operation (intact) or orchidectomy (ORX). Serum gonadotropins, measured after 4, 8, or 24 wk of treatment, were significantly lower in 3β,19-NA-treated vs. untreated, intact, and ORX rats (P < 0.05), and testosterone was lowered by 3β,19-NA-treatment of intact animals. LBM and BMD were assessed after 20 wk, and 4 wk later, rats were killed for levator ani muscle and prostate weights. Compared with ORX rats, 3β,19-NA-treated rats had dose-dependent higher levator ani muscle weights, LBM, and BMD, which were similar to intact and DHT-treated rats at the highest 3β,19-NA dose. In contrast, prostate weights in all 3β,19-NA-treated groups were similar to ORX rats and lower than intact and DHT- and 19-nortestosterone-treated rats even at the highest 3β,19-NA dose. In summary, 3β,19-NA increases muscle and bone mass without significant stimulation of prostate growth, suggesting it may have some properties of a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator. Anabolic steroids such as 3β,19-NA should be studied further to determine their mechanisms of tissue selectivity and effects in men.

Regionally specific compensation for bone loss in the tibial trabeculae of estrogen-deficient rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Sheng ◽  
R. C. Dai ◽  
X. P. Wu ◽  
L. N. Fang ◽  
H. J. Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Estrogen Deficiency ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Rat Tibia

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructural variations have been extensively investigated in recent years; however, the compensation for bone loss between different regions is still unclear. Purpose: To fully characterize regional variations in bone mineral density (BMD) as well as the microstructure and dynamic changes of rat tibial trabeculae that occur with bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency. Material and Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX), sham-operated (sham), or left unoperated (baseline control). The left tibiae were harvested at baseline, and at postoperative weeks 3 and 15. High-resolution micro-computed tomography (µCT) was used to identify the densitometric and microstructural properties of trabeculae in the proximal ends of the rat tibia, specifically the epiphysis and metaphysis. Results: Volumetric BMDs at the organ (organ BMD) and tissue (tissue BMD) levels were significantly higher for trabeculae at the epiphysis than metaphysis. Moreover, trabeculae at the epiphysis were thicker, and fewer in number and connectivity than those at the metaphysis, which were more rod like. Trabeculae at the metaphysis were more susceptible to bone loss induced by estrogen deprivation than at the epiphysis, and the regions varied greatly in their adaptation to this loss. At the metaphysis, trabecular tissue BMD and thickness were unexpectedly higher at postoperative week 15 than week 3 or baseline. In contrast, at the epiphysis, tissue BMD did not change with time, but trabecular thickness significantly increased at week 15 compared to baseline and was also greater in OVX compared to sham rats. Conclusion: Metaphyseal and epiphyseal trabeculae show regionally specific variations in BMD and microstructure. The former are more susceptible to bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency and would be strengthened by either hypertrophy or hypermineralization, while epiphyseal trabeculae are mainly strengthened by thickening.

scholarly journals Pregnancy and Lactation in Sprague-Dawley Rats Result in Permanent Reductions of Tibia Trabecular Bone Mineral Density and Structure but Consumption of Red Rooibos Herbal Tea Supports the Partial Recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. McAlpine ◽  
Jenalyn L. Yumol ◽  
Wendy E. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Herbal Tea ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

During pregnancy and lactation, maternal bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced as calcium is mobilized to support offspring bone development. In humans, BMD returns to pre-pregnancy levels shortly after delivery, shifting from a high rate of bone resorption during pregnancy and lactation, into a rapid phase of bone formation post-lactation. This rapid change in bone turnover may provide an opportunity to stimulate a greater gain in BMD and stronger trabecular and cortical structure than present pre-pregnancy. Providing polyphenols present in red rooibos herbal tea may promote such an effect. In vitro, red rooibos polyphenols stimulate osteoblast activity, reduce osteoclastic resorption, and increase mineral production. The study objective was to determine if consuming red rooibos from pre-pregnancy through to 4 months post-lactation resulted in a higher BMD and improved trabecular and cortical bone structure in a commonly used rat model. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 42) were randomized to one of the following groups: PREG TEA (pregnant, received supplemental level of red rooibos in water: ~2.6 g /kg body weight/day in water), PREG WATER (pregnant, received water), or NONPREG CON (age-matched, non-pregnant control, received water) from 2 weeks pre-pregnancy (age 8 weeks) through to 4 months post-lactation. Rats were fed AIN-93G (pre-pregnancy through to the end of lactation) and AIN-93M (post-lactation onwards). BMD and trabecular structure (bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular separation) were improved (p < 0.05) by 1- or 2-months post-lactation when comparing PREG TEA to PREG CON, though neither group recovered to the level of NONPREG CON. Cortical outcomes (cortical area fraction, cortical thickness, tissue mineral density) for PREG TEA and PREG CON were reduced (p < 0.05) following lactation but returned to the level of NONPREG CON by 2-months post-lactation, with the exception of cortical thickness. The lack of recovery of BMD and key outcomes of trabecular bone structure was unexpected. While consumption of red rooibos did not result in stronger bone post-lactation, red rooibos did support the partial recovery of trabecular BMD and bone structure following pregnancy and lactation. The findings also provide insight into the timing and dose of polyphenols to study in future interventions.

Creatine Monohydrate Increases Bone Mineral Density in Young Sprague-Dawley Rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 816-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANAMARIA ANTOLIC ◽  
BRIAN D. ROY ◽  
MARK A. TARNOPOLSKY ◽  
RONALD F. ZERNICKE ◽  
GREGORY R. WOHL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Creatine Monohydrate ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

scholarly journals Attachment of the levator ani muscle extends to the superior ramus of the pubic bone through electrophysiological and anatomical examinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Yen Chin ◽  
Chih-Wei Peng ◽  
Ming-Ping Wu ◽  
Chih-Hwa Chen ◽  
Yu-Ting Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Pelvic Pain ◽  
Chronic Pelvic Pain ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Pubic Bone ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Cadaver Dissection ◽  
Inferior Border ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractMyofascial pelvic pain (MFPP) of pelvic floor muscles is a common cause of chronic pelvic pain (CPP). The pathological mechanisms and treatments of MFPP are complex and still unclear until now. The levator ani muscle (LAM) is the major pelvic floor muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine the fascia and attachment of LAM through the electromyogram (EMG) and cadaver dissection. Electrophysiological stimulation of the obturator fascia above the arcus tendinous levator ani (ATLA) could trigger contraction and electrophysiological changes in LAM insertion. The LAM of embalmed adult cadavers was examined especially in the area above the ATLA. Some skeletal muscle fibers were found above the ATLA within the obturator fascia and were confirmed by Masson’s trichrome section staining. Our electromyography (EMG) and anatomical data implied that the attachment of LAM aponeurosis extended beyond ATLA to the inferior border of the superior ramus of the pubic bone. The new discovered attachment of LAM could provide a reference position for clinical diagnosis and treatment of MFPP or CPP.

Vagal stimulation-induced gastric damage in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (1) ◽  
pp. G104-G110
Author(s):  
L. E. Hierlihy ◽  
J. L. Wallace ◽  
A. V. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Gastric Damage ◽  
Gastric Mucosal Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of the vagus nerve in the development of gastric mucosal damage was examined in urethan-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Electrical stimulation was applied to the vagus nerves for a period of 60 min, after which macroscopic gastric damage was scored and samples of the stomach were fixed for later histological assessment. Damage scores were assigned blindly based on a 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) scale. Stimulation of vagal afferents or efferents in isolation did not result in significant damage to the gastric mucosa (P greater than 0.1). In contrast, stimulation of both intact vagus nerves resulted in significant gastric mucosal damage (mean damage score, 2.0 +/- 0.33, P less than 0.01). A second series of experiments demonstrated this gastric damage to be induced within 30-60 min; extending the stimulation period to 120 min did not worsen the gastric damage scores significantly (P greater than 0.1). In a third study, stimulation of both intact vagus nerves after paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lesion resulted in damage scores (0.33 +/- 0.17) that were significantly reduced compared with intact PVN and non-PVN-lesioned animals (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that the development of vagal stimulation-induced gastric damage requires the activation of both afferent and efferent vagal components and suggest further that such damage is dependent upon an intact PVN.

Endogenous CCK disrupts the MMC pattern via capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent fibers in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. G100-G105 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodriguez-Membrilla ◽  
P. Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Rat Intestine ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Vagal Afferent ◽  
Endogenous Release ◽  
Stimulation Of

A meal disrupts migrating motor complexes (MMC) in the rat intestine through stimulation of peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK)-B and central CCK-A receptors. The aim of this study was to determine pathways implicated in postprandial disruption of the MMC mediated by CCK. Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with electrodes for electromyography in the small intestine, and ablation of vagal afferent C-fibers by capsaicin was carried out. Endogenous release of CCK was induced by oral administration of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). In control rats SBTI disrupted MMC and generated an irregular spiking activity that lasted longer than 3 h. Intravenous infusion of L-365,260 (2 x 10(-7) mol/kg) but not of L-364,718 (3 x 10(-9) mol/kg) restored the MMC pattern. In capsaicin-treated rats, SBTI did not modify fasting activity. Infusion of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) at 3 x 10(-9) mol.kg-1.h-1 disrupted the MMC, although the response was quantitatively and qualitatively different from SBTI. The effect was reversed by intravenous infusion of L-364,718 or L-365,260 and intracerebroventricular infusion of L-364,718. In capsaicin-treated rats, the intracerebroventricular or intravenous infusion of L-364,718 inhibited CCK-8 effects. However, the intravenous infusion of L-365,260 did not reverse the MMC pattern. These results suggest that the disruption of the MMC mediated by CCK is due to stimulation of peripheral CCK-B receptors located in vagal afferent fibers. This initiates a reflex including stimulation of central CCK-A receptors. Exogenous CCK also stimulates peripheral CCK-A receptors not located in capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent fibers.

Nitric oxide and penile erection in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil ARI ◽  
Yoram VARDI ◽  
John P. M. FINBERG
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Pithed Rats ◽  
Stimulation Of

The purpose of this investigation was to study the time course, response to insulin and characteristics of erectile dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats, and the function of the NO-generating system in these animals. Copulation-induced and reflex erection were quantified in conscious Sprague–Dawley rats at different times after injection of STZ. The corporal vasodilatation response to nerve stimulation was studied by measuring the rise in corporal pressure in pithed rats following electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerve roots. The activity of NO synthase was determined in corporal tissue by measuring the generation of [3H]citrulline from [3H]arginine. Copulation-induced erection was inhibited at 1 and 2 months after STZ treatment, but this could be prevented by a short (2-week) pretreatment with insulin. Reflex erection was inhibited at 1, 4, 6 and 9 months after STZ; at 6 months, this inhibition was also reversible by insulin pretreatment. Following pithing, the basal corporal pressure was elevated in diabetic rats. At 4 months after STZ, this increase was normalized by a 2-week, but not by a 1-week, pretreatment with insulin; however, at 9 months after STZ, insulin pretreatment did not normalize corporal pressure. The increase in corporal pressure caused by stimulation of sacral nerve roots in pithed rats was enhanced in diabetic animals. This enhancement was also normalized at 4 months, but not at 9 months, by 2 weeks of insulin treatment. The inhibition of the stimulation-induced increase in corporal pressure by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (5 mg/kg) was less following 9 months of diabetes, although NO synthase activity was normal in cavernosal tissue following 6–8 months of diabetes. In conclusion, STZ-induced diabetes caused changes in the erectile system that were initially reversible by a short insulin treatment, but which with time (more than 6 months) became irreversible. NO synthase activity in cavernosal tissue was normal, but the response to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was inhibited in long-term diabetes (9 months).

Mechanism of prostaglandin E2-induced increase of proximal sodium reabsorption in the rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. R82-R86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kinoshita ◽  
F. G. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Interstitial Infusion

Prostaglandin E2, when infused directly into the renal interstitium, enhances sodium reabsorption by the superficial proximal convoluted tubules of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study was designed to investigate the role of angiotensin II in the prostaglandin E2-induced stimulation of proximal sodium reabsorption. Micropuncture at the superficial late proximal tubule demonstrated a significant increase in the fractional reabsorption of sodium from 39.9 +/- 2.3% in control conditions to 51.8 +/- 3.0% (n = 9, P less than 0.01) during the renal interstitial infusion of prostaglandin E2. The stimulatory effect of prostaglandin E2 on proximal sodium reabsorption was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with saralasin. During intravenous saralasin infusion, prostaglandin E2 did not significantly change the fractional reabsorption of sodium from 42.2 +/- 5.8 to 45.4 +/- 6.0% (n = 7, NS). In summary, the stimulatory effect of renal interstitial infusion of prostaglandin E2 on proximal sodium reabsorption was attenuated by pretreatment with saralasin. Therefore renal interstitial infusion of prostaglandin E2 may enhance proximal sodium reabsorption, at least in part, through stimulation of angiotensin II production in the rat kidney.

ORAL ANABOLIC:ANDROGENIC EVALUATIONS OF FOUR ANABOLIC STEROIDS

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Arnold ◽  
Gordon O. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Anabolic Activity ◽  
Clinical Interest

ABSTRACT Four steroids of potential clinical interest were evaluated in rats for anabolic activity by means of nitrogen balance studies and myotrophically for their effect on the growth of the levator ani muscle. The increase in the weight of the ventral prostate was used as an index of their androgenicity. Under these conditions the nitrogen retention:androgenic and myotrophic:androgenic dissociation ratios were: 17α-methyl-4-chloro-testosterone 0.65:0.12 = 5.4 and 0.32:0.12 = 2.7; 17α-methyl-androst-5-ene-3,17-diol 0.70:0.62 = 1.1 and 0.46:0.62 = 0.7; 17α-methyl-19-nortestosterone 4.6:1.1 = 4.2 and 5.8:1.1 = 5.3; and 1-methyl-androst-1-enolone acetate 0.06:0.15 = 0.004 and 0.72:0.15 = 4.8, respectively. While the nitrogen retention:androgenic and myotrophic:androgenic ratios, in general, are of the same order, it should be noted that there was a marked discrepancy between the nitrogen retention:androgenic and the myotrophic:androgenic ratios for 1-methyl-androst-1-enolone acetate.

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