scholarly journals SAT-648 Flash Glucose Monitoring Helps Achieve Better Glycemic Control Than Conventional Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Non-Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Wada ◽  
Takeshi Onoue ◽  
Tomoko Kobayashi ◽  
Tomoko Handa ◽  
Ayaka Hayase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Flash Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background and aims: Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) is a novel system with which glucose levels are monitored and has been reported to improve glucose variability and glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients treated with insulin. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of FGM and conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control in patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Reseach design and Methods: In this 24-week, multicenter, open-label, randomized (1:1), parallel group study, non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients at 5 hospitals in Japan were randomly assigned to the FGM (n = 49) or SMBG (n = 51) groups and were provided FGM or SMBG devices for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. This trial is registered with UMIN-CTR (UMIN000026452). Results: Forty-eight participants in the FGM group and 45 in the SMBG group completed the study. The mean HbA1c levels were 7·83% (SD 0·25) in the FGM group and 7·84% (SD 0·27) in the SMBG group at baseline, and the values were reduced in both FGM (−0·43%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0·57 to −0·28; p < 0·0001) and SMBG groups (−0·30%; 95% CI −0·48 to −0·13; p = 0·001) at 12 weeks. On the other hand, HbA1c was significantly decreased from baseline values in the FGM group, but not in the SMBG group at 24 weeks (FGM: −0·46%, 95% CI −0·59 to −0·32, p < 0·0001; SMBG: −0·17%, 95% CI −0·05 to 0·11, p = 0·124); a significant between-group difference was also observed (difference −0·29%, 95% CI −0·54 to −0·05; p = 0·022). Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire score was significantly improved, and the mean glucose levels, standard deviation of glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, and duration of hyperglycemia were significantly decreased in the FGM group compared with the SMBG group. Conclusions: Glycemic control was better with FGM than with SMBG after cessation of glucose monitoring in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Flash glucose monitoring helps achieve better glycemic control than conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Wada ◽  
Takeshi Onoue ◽  
Tomoko Kobayashi ◽  
Tomoko Handa ◽  
Ayaka Hayase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Flash Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
The Mean

IntroductionThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) and conventional self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control in patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsIn this 24-week, multicenter, open-label, randomized (1:1), parallel-group study, patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes at five hospitals in Japan were randomly assigned to the FGM (n=49) or SMBG (n=51) groups and were provided each device for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, and was compared using analysis of covariance model that included baseline values and group as covariates.ResultsForty-eight participants in the FGM group and 45 in the SMBG group completed the study. The mean HbA1c levels were 7.83% (62.1 mmol/mol) in the FGM group and 7.84% (62.2 mmol/mol) in the SMBG group at baseline, and the values were reduced in both FGM (−0.43% (−4.7 mmol/mol), p<0.001) and SMBG groups (−0.30% (−3.3 mmol/mol), p=0.001) at 12 weeks. On the other hand, HbA1c was significantly decreased from baseline values in the FGM group, but not in the SMBG group at 24 weeks (FGM: −0.46% (−5.0 mmol/mol), p<0.001; SMBG: −0.17% (−1.8 mmol/mol), p=0.124); a significant between-group difference was also observed (difference −0.29% (−3.2 mmol/mol), p=0.022). Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire score was significantly improved, and the mean glucose levels, SD of glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and time in hyperglycemia were significantly decreased in the FGM group compared with the SMBG group.ConclusionsGlycemic control was better with FGM than with SMBG after cessation of glucose monitoring in patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.Trial registration numberUMIN000026452, jRCTs041180082.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the relationship between different factors of self-management and control of diabetes in diabetic patients group

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e18-e18
Author(s):  
Sara Afshari ◽  
Narges Kalhor ◽  
Mostafa Vahedian ◽  
Rasoul Shajari ◽  
Soroush Sharifimoghadam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Health Care Use ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Control Of Diabetes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that severely affects the quality of life. Self-Management and glycemic control minimize the development and progression of diabetes’s complications. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate self-care behaviors and their relationship with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in patients with type 2 diabetes, using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ). Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on type 2 diabetic patients referred to the Shahid Beheshti hospital of Qom. A total of 325 patients with type-2 diabetes participate in the study. Diabetes self-management parameters were assessed using the translated (Persian) version of the DSMQ. Results: The mean score of self-management (±SD) in patients was 26.82 (±9.43). In addition, the mean HbA1c and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels of the participants respectively were 8.35 (±1.97) and 187.25 (±77.51). There was a significant inverse correlation between self-management score metabolic control indices. (P<0.001). Health care use subscales have been best associated with better glycemic control (P<0.001) and physical activity had the least effect on it (P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that there is a significant relationship between self-management indicators and control of diabetes.

scholarly journals Sexual Differences in response to Mid- or Low-Premixed Insulin Analogue in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bing-li Liu ◽  
Xiao-mei Liu ◽  
Yi-fei Ren ◽  
Yi-Xuan Sun ◽  
Meng-hui Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Insulin Analogue ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Premixed Insulin ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male Patients

Objective. To observe whether there are sexual-related differences in response to mid- or low-premixed insulin in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods. This was an analysis of CGM data of a previous study. After screening, patients with longstanding T2D receive a 7-day continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy, and then subjects were randomly assigned 1 : 1 into two groups receiving Novo Mix 30 or Humalog Mix 50 regimen for a 2-day phage, followed by a 4-day cross-over period. A 4-day continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed during the cross-over period. The primary endpoint was the differences in glycemic control between male and female patients receiving mid- or low-premixed insulin therapy. Results. A total of 102 patients (52 men and 50 women) completed the study. Our data showed that male patients had significant decrease in mean glucose levels monitored by CGM after three meals during Humalog Mix 50 treatment period compared to those received Novo Mix 30 regimen (0900: 11.0±2.5 vs. 12.2±2.8, 1000: 9.9±2.9 vs. 11.3±3.1, 1200: 8.0±1.9 vs. 9.1±2.5, 1400: 9.2±2.3 vs. 10.3±2.5, and 2000: 7.3±2.1 vs. 8.2±2.4 mmol/L, p<0.05, respectively). In addition, male patients receiving Novo Mix 30 experienced a significantly increased hypoglycemic duration compared to those of receiving Humalog Mix 50 (0 (0, 4.8) vs. 0 (0, 0), p<0.05). Conclusion. Our data indicate that male patients with T2D receiving mid-premixed insulin analogue regimen may have a potential benefit of improvement in glycemic control compared to female patients. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ChiCTR-IPR-15007340.

scholarly journals A review of flash glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio Krakauer ◽  
Jose Fernando Botero ◽  
Fernando J. Lavalle-González ◽  
Adrian Proietti ◽  
Douglas Eugenio Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Real World ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Flash Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Freestyle Libre

Abstract Background Continuous glucose monitoring systems are increasingly being adopted as an alternative to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by persons with diabetes mellitus receiving insulin therapy. Main body The FreeStyle Libre flash glucose monitoring system (Abbott Diabetes Care, Witney, United Kingdom) consists of a factory-calibrated sensor worn on the back of the arm which measures glucose levels in the interstitial fluid every minute and stores the reading automatically every 15 min. Swiping the reader device over the sensor retrieves stored data and displays current interstitial glucose levels, a glucose trend arrow, and a graph of glucose readings over the preceding 8 h. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving insulin therapy, pivotal efficacy data were provided by the 6-month REPLACE randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 6-month extension study. Compared to SMBG, the flash system significantly reduced the time spent in hypoglycemia and frequency of hypoglycemic events, although no significant change was observed in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Subsequent RCTs and real-world chart review studies have since shown that flash glucose monitoring significantly reduces HbA1c from baseline. Real-world studies in both type 1 diabetes or T2D populations also showed that flash glucose monitoring improved glycemic control. Higher (versus lower) scanning frequency was associated with significantly greater reductions in HbA1c and significant improvements in other measures such as time spent in hypoglycemia, time spent in hyperglycemia, and time in range. Additional benefits associated with flash glucose monitoring versus SMBG include reductions in acute diabetes events, all-cause hospitalizations and hospitalized ketoacidosis episodes; improved well-being and decreased disease burden; and greater treatment satisfaction. Conclusion T2D patients who use flash glucose monitoring might expect to achieve significant improvement in HbA1c and glycemic parameters and several associated benefits.

scholarly journals Serum Selenium Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Control Group

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Zahra Heidari ◽  
Zahra Sepehri ◽  
Aleme Doostdar
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
Serum Selenium ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

<p>In addition to known risk factors, the role of different micronutrients such as selenium in diabetes incidence has been proposed. Some previous studies have shown an association of selenium deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus, while other studies have not confirmed such a relationship. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum level of selenium in patients with Type 2 diabetes compared with the control group. This cross-sectional study was carried out on patients with type 2 diabetes in Zahedan, southeastern Iran. One hundred newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were evaluated for serum selenium level. One hundred subjects from the general population who had normal fasting blood sugar levels were selected as the control group. The control group subjects were matched in pairs with each of patients on the basis of sex, age (± one year), and body mass index (±1). Serum level of selenium was determined by spectrometry method. Results were compared using t-test. The mean serum level of selenium in patients was 94.47±18.07 µg/L whereas in control group was 142.79±23.67 µg/L. The mean serum level of selenium was significantly different between the two groups (P&lt;0.001). Serum levels of selenium in diabetic patients with significant difference statistically were lower than the control group. In order to evaluate serum level of selenium in patients with diabetes, studies with larger sample size are required. Likewise, prospective studies along with selenium supplementation and investigating its effect on incidence of diabetes are accordingly needed.</p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Health Education on Control Glycemic at Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Rusdiana Rusdiana ◽  
Maya Savira ◽  
Sry Suryani Widjaja ◽  
Dedi Ardinata
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Educational Course

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term education on glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] and fasting blood sugar [FBS]) among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending to primary health care (PHC) in Medan Johor of North Sumatera, Indonesia. METHODS: The study was performed on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Johor PHC, Medan of North Sumatera, on 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We took the samples of all the patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus who attend PHC in Medan Johor. The patients received for 3 months intervention by education. An educational course of diabetes together with exercise training and nutritional education was designed for the study population in order to increase the patients’ knowledge and attitude toward diabetes and to increase their participation in the self-monitoring of glycemic control. Samples of FBS and HbA1c were recorded for each patient at the time of the baseline survey, then health education was conducted to the diabetic patients of both sexes attending PHC. The patients received standard advice on diet management and variation about activity. We put HbA1c <6.5% as cut limit for the control of diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: All 40 type 2 diabetes patients completed the educational course. The mean of age of the samples is 62.53 years old, the mean of body mass index was 24.81 kg/m, and the mean of waist size was 92.15 cm. Before the education, the mean of FBS level was 238.83 mg/dl and the mean of Hba1c value is 8.90%. After education, the FBS was 216.88 mg/dl, the mean of HbA1c value was 8.74%. CONCLUSION: The effect of health education in Johor Public Health Care Medan city reduced glycemic control (FBS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, North Sumatera, Indonesia.

scholarly journals The effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Haidari ◽  
Mehrnoosh Zakerkish ◽  
Fatemeh Borazjani ◽  
Kambiz Ahmadi Angali ◽  
Golnaz Amoochi
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile, some antioxidants and inflammatory markers, and gastrointestinal symptoms in type 2 diabetic patients. Material and methods: In this study, 42 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups and received either 3g/day dill powder or placebo (3 capsules/day, 1 g each). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA- IR), lipid profile, hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured in all of the subjects at baseline and post-intervention. Results: The dill powder supplementation significantly decreased the mean serum levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, TC, and MDA in the intervention group in comparison with the baseline measurements (p < 0.05). Also, the mean serum levels of HDL and TAC were significantly increased in the intervention group in comparison with the baseline measurement (p < 0.05). Colonic motility disorder was the only gastrointestinal symptom whose frequency was significantly reduced by supplementation (P = 0.01). The mean changes of insulin, LDL-C , TC, and MDA were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the mean changes in HDL were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Dill powder supplementation can be effective in controlling the glycemic, lipid, stress oxidative, and gastrointestinal symptoms in type 2 diabetic patients. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes; Dill powder; Glycemic control; Lipid profile; Stress oxidative status

scholarly journals Utilizing Technology-Enabled Intervention to Improve Blood Glucose Self-Management Outcome in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Initiated on Insulin Therapy: A Retrospective Real-World Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jian Lin ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Yuxin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Premixed Insulin ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Self Monitoring

Background. The aim of this study was to assess the benefits of a mobile-enabled app through Lilly Connected Care Program (LCCP) in achieving blood glucose control and adhering to self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods. This retrospective study included T2DM patients who were initiated on insulin therapy (mostly premixed insulin) after failure to respond to oral antidiabetic drugs. Patients were provided with glucometers enabled with synchronous data transmission to healthcare providers and family members. The primary objective was to assess the benefits of LCCP based on changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial glucose (PPG) levels from baseline to 12 weeks. Paired t-test was used to assess the change in blood glucose (BG) from baseline to week 12. Results. In total, 14,085 T2DM patients were recruited. Compared with baseline, significant reductions in FBG and PPG were evident at week 12 (FBG: -0.39 mmol/L; PPG: −0.79 mmol/L; both P < 0.001 ). Furthermore, at week 12, the proportion of patients attaining a target glucose level of FBG <7.0 mmol/L and PPG <10.0 mmol/L was 25.37% and 59.68%, respectively, with a statistically significant increase compared with that at baseline (6.74% and 45.59%, respectively, both P < 0.001 ). The frequent monitoring of patients could gain a higher target achievement of FBG (28.1% vs 24.2%) and PPG (64.4% vs 55.1%) than the occasional monitoring patients. Additionally, the incidence of hypoglycemia gradually decreased and was significantly lower than the baseline level. Conclusions. In T2DM patients with poor glycemic control, the application of mobile enabled intervention (LCCP) along with insulin significantly reduced the hypoglycemia while improving glycemic control during period of naïve initiating insulin therapy. Additionally, the high frequency of BG self-monitoring was associated with better glycemic control.

scholarly journals Nocturnal Glucose Metabolism after Bedtime Injection of Insulin Glargine or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 3839-3846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Linn ◽  
Britta Fischer ◽  
Nedim Soydan ◽  
Michael Eckhard ◽  
Julia Ehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Glargine ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Nph Insulin ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

Aims/Hypothesis: Insulin glargine is a long-acting human insulin analog often administered at bedtime to patients with type 2 diabetes. It reduces fasting blood glucose levels more efficiently and with less nocturnal hypoglycemic events compared with human neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. Therefore, bedtime injections of insulin glargine and NPH insulin were compared overnight and in the morning. Methods: In 10 type 2 diabetic patients, euglycemic clamps were performed, including [6,6′]2H2 glucose, to study the rate of disappearance (Rd) and endogenous production (EGP) of glucose during the night. On separate days at bedtime (2200 h), patients received a sc injection of insulin glargine, NPH insulin, or saline in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Results: Similar doses of both insulins had different metabolic profiles. NPH insulin had a greater effect on both Rd and EGP in the night compared with insulin glargine. By contrast, in the morning, insulin glargine was more effective, increasing Rd by 5.8 μmol/kg−1·min−1 (95% confidence interval 4.7–6.9) and reducing EGP −5.7 (−5.0 to −6.4) compared with NPH insulin. Nearly 80% of the glucose lowering effect in the morning was due to insulin glargine’s reduction of EGP. Its injection was associated with one-third lower morning glucagon levels compared with NPH insulin (P = 0.021). Conclusion/Interpretation: Nocturnal variations of EGP and Rd explain the reduced incidence of hypoglycemia and lower fasting glucose levels reported for insulin glargine compared with human NPH insulin.

scholarly journals Preparation, Reliability, and Validity of a Japanese Version of the “Satisfaction of Treatment among Caregivers of Dependent Type 2 Diabetic Patients” Questionnaire

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ida ◽  
Ryutaro Kaneko ◽  
Kanako Imataka ◽  
Kaoru Okubo ◽  
Yoshitaka Shirakura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Levels

The aim of this study was to prepare a Japanese version of the “Satisfaction of Treatment among Caregivers of Dependent Type 2 Diabetic Patients” (STCD2-J) questionnaire, which is used to assess the satisfaction of family caregivers with respect to the treatment for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require support. In addition, the reliability and validity of the STCD2-J questionnaire were analyzed. A Japanese version of the original STCD2 questionnaire was prepared, revised, and back-translated; the back-translated version was sent to the authors of the original version for confirmation. Family caregivers of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥65 years who regularly underwent medical examinations at the diabetes mellitus outpatient clinic of Ise Red Cross Hospital were included. Cronbach’s α coefficient was calculated to assess internal consistency. Exploratory factor analyses were performed to assess construct validity, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients between STCD2-J score and HbA1c as well as the degree of satisfaction with patients’ blood glucose levels, depression, and negative self-assessment of nursing care were calculated to assess criterion-related validity. This study included 208 individuals (55 males and 153 females). Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.88. Factor analyses showed a single-factor structure both with and without rotation. The STCD2-J scores were significantly inversely correlated with HbA1c (r=−0.27, P<0.001). Significant correlations were observed between the STCD2-J scores and degree of satisfaction with patients’ blood glucose levels (r=0.43, P<0.001), depression (r=−0.20, P=0.003), and negative self-assessment of nursing care (r=−0.19, P=0.004). The reliability and validity of the STCD2-J questionnaire were confirmed. The STCD2-J questionnaire can be used in Japan as a tool to assess the satisfaction of family caregivers with the treatment of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus requiring support.

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