scholarly journals Will Real Time Visualization of Needle in Target Thyroid Nodules Minimize False Negative FNA Results?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A904-A905
Author(s):  
Vijaykumar Sekar ◽  
Panadeekarn Panjawatanan ◽  
Sofia Junaid Syed
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Real Time Visualization ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction: Prevalence of thyroid nodules in the adult population based on detection by ultrasonography is about 20-76% of which only 5% account for thyroid cancer. All patients with a suspected thyroid nodule either on physical examination or noted incidentally on other imaging should be evaluated with thyroid ultrasound. Any thyroid nodule >= 1 cm on ultrasound should be investigated with FNAC. Ultrasound guided FNAC techniques are used to reduce false negative results. We present a patient with suspicious finding on initial thyroid ultrasound and subsequent negative FNAC presenting a few years later with papillary thyroid cancer. Case Presentation: A 32 y.o. female with history of thyroid nodule and thyroiditis presented to the endocrine clinic for follow-up of her thyroid nodule. 5 years ago, she was diagnosed with thyroid nodule, which was found on an ultrasound scan for workup of her dysphagia. The thyroid ultrasound then showed diffusely heterogeneous thyroid gland with an ill-defined area of decreased echogenicity in the right lobe and left superior lobe and possible nodule in the lower pole left thyroid. Blood work showed TSH of 1.71 (n 0.34-3.00 uIU/ml) and thyroid peroxidase antibody levels was 27.8 (n < 9.0 IU/ml). A CT scan of neck with contrast was done and no concerning mass was seen. The patient had a follow-up ultrasound after 8 months which showed small bilateral thyroid lesions, somewhat ill-defined. The patient had an FNA biopsy of the right thyroid nodule: the results were consistent with a benign follicular nodule. A follow-up thyroid ultrasound was done in a year, and the findings were unchanged. The patient came back 3 years later for follow-up with complaints of a new palpable nodule in the neck. Ultrasound showed unchanged right thyroid nodule and some new cervical adenopathy. The ultrasound showed a 2.2 cm heterogeneous lymph node with punctate echogenic foci along the right lateral margin of the right internal jugular vein at the level of the thyroid gland, Subsequently FNA biopsy of the right cervical node and right thyroid node were done. The cells from lymph nodes were positive for malignancy and cells from the right thyroid nodule were atypical. Overall the appearance was consistent with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Subsequently the patient underwent total thyroidectomy and right modified lymph node dissection and the pathology results came back as multifocal papillary thyroid cancer right side 1.2 cm and left side 0.4 cm, with metastasis to 2 lymph nodes. Conclusion: The reported false negative rate of ultrasound-guided FNAC is variable. Success of US-FNA depends on experience of operator and cyto-pathologist and the intrinsic nature of the nodule. Malignancy rates of only 1-2% are reported with repeat FNA in prior benign nodules. Good FNA techniques and real-time visualization of needle in target nodules can further decrease false negatives.

NO BENEFIT OF DEDICATED THYROID NODULE SCREENING IN PATIENTS WITH ACROMEGALY

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngan Betty Lai ◽  
Dave Garg ◽  
Anthony P. Heaney ◽  
Marvin Bergsneider ◽  
Angela M. Leung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Fine Needle

Objective: Acromegaly results from the excessive production of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. While there is up to a 2-fold increased prevalence of thyroid nodules in patients with acromegaly, the incidence of thyroid cancer in this population varies from 1.6 to 10.6% in several European studies. The goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer among patients with acromegaly at a large urban academic medical center in the United States (U.S.). Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with acromegaly between 2006–2015 within the University of California, Los Angeles health system. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, thyroid ultrasounds, thyroid nodule fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy cytology, and thyroid surgical pathology. Results: In this cohort (n = 221, 49.3% women, mean age 53.8 ± 15.2 [SD] years, 55.2% Caucasian), 102 patients (46.2%) underwent a thyroid ultrasound, from which 71 patients (52.1% women, mean age 52.9 ± 15.2 [SD] years, 56.3% Caucasian) were found to have a thyroid nodule. Seventeen patients underwent a thyroid nodule FNA biopsy and the results revealed 12 benign biopsies, 1 follicular neoplasm, 3 suspicious for malignancy, and 1 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), from which 6 underwent thyroidectomy; PTC was confirmed by surgical pathology for all cases (8.5% of all nodules observed). Conclusion: In this sample, the prevalence of thyroid cancer in patients with acromegaly and coexisting thyroid nodules is similar to that reported in the general U.S. population with thyroid nodules (7 to 15%). These findings suggest that there is no benefit of dedicated thyroid nodule screening in patients newly diagnosed with acromegaly. Abbreviations: AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; ATA = American Thyroid Association; DTC = differentiated thyroid cancer; FNA = fine needle aspiration; GH = growth hormone; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor-1; PTC = papillary thyroid cancer; U.S. = United States

scholarly journals Adrenal metastasis as the initial diagnosis of synchronous papillary and follicular thyroid cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin He ◽  
Scott A. Soleimanpour ◽  
Gregory A. Clines
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Adrenal Metastasis ◽  
Bethesda Classification ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Differentiated thyroid cancer uncommonly presents with distant metastases. Adrenal metastasis from differentiated thyroid cancer presenting as the initial finding is even less common. Case Presentation A 71-year-old male was incidentally found on chest CT to have bilateral thyroid nodules, which were confirmed on ultrasound. Fine needle aspiration of the dominant right 3.3 cm nodule contained histologic features most consistent with Bethesda classification III, and repeat fine needle aspiration revealed pathology consistent with Bethesda classification II. Follow-up thyroid ultrasound showed 1% increase and 14% increase in nodule volume at one and two years, respectively, compared to baseline. Prior to the second annual thyroid ultrasound, the patient was incidentally found to have a 4.1 cm heterogeneously enhancing mass in the right adrenal gland on CT of the abdomen and pelvis. Biochemical evaluation was unremarkable with the exception of morning cortisol of 3.2 µg/dL after dexamethasone suppression. The patient then underwent laparoscopic right adrenal gland excision, which revealed metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma. Total thyroidectomy was then performed, with pathology showing a 4.8 cm well-differentiated follicular thyroid carcinoma of the right lobe, a 0.5 cm noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features of the left lobe, and a 0.1 cm papillary microcarcinoma of the left lobe. Thyrotropin-stimulated whole body scan showed normal physiologic uptake of the remnant thyroid tissue without evidence of other iodine avid disease. The patient then received radioactive iodine. At follow-up 14 months after total thyroidectomy, he remains free of recurrent disease. Conclusion Despite following the recommended protocol for evaluation and surveillance of thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer can be challenging to diagnose, and may not be diagnosed until distant metastases are identified.

scholarly journals Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Cystic Changes in a Patient With Prior History of Toxic Nodule

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 232470962094267
Author(s):  
Gliceida Maria Galarza Fortuna ◽  
Paola Rios ◽  
Ailyn Rivero ◽  
Gabriela Zuniga ◽  
Kathrin Dvir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Lobectomy ◽  
Cystic Changes ◽  
History Of

Thyroid nodules are palpable on up to 7% of asymptomatic patients. Cancer is present in 8% to 16% of those patients with previously identified thyroid nodules. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of thyroid cancers. Although most appear as solid nodules on ultrasound imaging, a subset of 2.5% to 6% has cystic components. The presence of cystic changes within thyroid nodules decreases the accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, given the difficulty of obtaining appropriate cellular content. This becomes a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present a case of a 31-year-old female with a 1-month history of palpitations, fatigue, and night sweats, who underwent evaluation, and was diagnosed with subclinical hyperthyroidism. She presented 4 years later with compressive symptoms leading to repeat FNA, showing Bethesda III-atypia of undetermined significance and negative molecular testing. Thyroid lobectomy revealed PTC with cystic changes. This case is a reminder that patients with hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule should have closer follow-up. It poses the diagnostic dilemma of how much is good enough in the evaluation and management of a thyroid nodule. Early detection and action should be the standard of care.

scholarly journals Nušalimų gydymas Vilniuje 2000–2005 metais

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Tomas Butėnas ◽  
Audrius Gradauskas ◽  
Arvydas Skorupskas
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Doppler Sonography ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Color Doppler Sonography ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Fine Needle

Tomas Butėnas,  Audrius Gradauskas,  Arvydas SkorupskasVilniaus universiteto Reabilitacijos, sporto medicinos ir slaugos institutas,Vilniaus miesto universitetinė ligoninė, Antakalnio g. 57, LT-10207 VilniusEl paštas: [email protected] Tikslas Retrospektyviai išanalizuoti ligonių, gydytų nuo nušalimų Vilniaus miesto universitetinėje ligoninėje (VMUL) 2000–2005 metais, gydymo būdus ir rezultatus, juos palyginti su literatūros duomenimis. Metodai Darbo pobūdis – retrospektyvus. Analizuotos 129 pacientų, gydytų nuo nušalimų VMUL 2000–2005 m., ligos istorijos, darbui naudota kompiuterinė duomenų bazė, statistinė analizė buvo atlikta SPSS 8v. kompiuterine programa. Vertinta ligonių amžius, lytis, TLK-10 diagnozė, socialinė padėtis, girtumas nušalimo metu, laikas nuo nušalimo iki kreipimosi į gydymo įstaigą, laikas nuo hospitalizacijos iki operacijos, atliktos operacijos tipas, hospitalizacijos laikas nuo operacijos iki gydymo pabaigos, žaizdos (-ų) komplikacijos, bendras hospitalizacijos laikas, baigtis, nušalimų dažnis per metus. Rezultatai Gydyta 129 pacientai, iš jų 109 (84,5%) vyrai, 20 (15,5%) moterų. Vidutinis pacientų amžius 46,16 metų. Nustatytos galutinės diagnozės: čiurnos ir pėdos nušalimas ir audinių nekrozė (n = 97), paviršinis čiurnos ir pėdos nušalimas (n = 12), riešo ir plaštakos nušalimas ir audinių nekrozė (n = 9), paviršinis riešo ir plaštakos nušalimas (n = 11). Pasiskirstymas pagal socialinę padėtį: neturintys nuolatinės gyvenamosios vietos 53 (41,08%), nedirbantys 33 (25,58%), dirbantys 12 (9,30%), invalidai 10 (7,75%), pensininkai 19 (14,73%), moksleiviai ir studentai 2 (1,55%). Nušalimo metu 67 (51,94%) buvo girti, 14 (10,85%) blaivūs, 48 (37,21%) kreipėsi vėlai ir neatsimena, ar buvo girti, arba neprisipažino. Vidutinis laikas nuo nušalimo iki kreipimosi į gydymo įstaigą 9,7 dienos (0–58). Laikas nuo hospitalizacijos iki operacijos 6,03 (0–27) dienos. Didžiųjų amputacijų atlikta 23 (25,55%), mažųjų – 67 (74,44%), iš viso operuota 90 (69,77%) pacientų. Suteikta pirmoji pagalba, gydyti konservatyviai, atliktos tik paviršinės nekrektomijos arba mirė 39 (30,23%) ligoniai. Vidutinis hospitalizacijos laikas nuo operacijos iki gydymo pabaigos 27,73 (1–96) dienos. Žaizdų komplikacijos: sugijimas antriniu būdu n = 89 (98,89%), pėdos flegmona n = 1 (1,11%). Bendras hospitalizacijos laikas 28,61 (1–117) dienos. Gydymo metu mirė 16 ligonių (ištikus ūminiam širdies ir plaučių nepakankamumui dėl bendro kūno sušalimo). Hospitalizacijos metu invalidumas suteiktas 14 ligonių, išrašyti ambulatoriniam gydymui 106, savavališkai pasišalino iš gydymo įstaigos 2 ligoniai, perkelti į reabilitacijos ligonines 7 ligoniai. Išvados Iš rezultatų matome, jog dažniausiai gydyti vidutinio amžiaus, neturintys nuolatinės gyvenamosios vietos, nušalimo metu vartoję alkoholį vyrai. 37,21% ligonių po nušalimo į gydymo įstaigą kreipėsi vėlai. Dažniausiai nušąlamos pėdos ir čiurnos sritis. Vidutinis bendras hospitalizacijos laikas yra ilgas. Dėl daugumos pacientų asocialios gyvensenos, žalingų įpročių sudėtinga juos gydyti ambulatoriškai ir suteikti invalidumą. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: nušalimas, chirurginis gydymas Frostbite injury treatment in Vilnius in 2000–2005 Tomas Butėnas,  Audrius Gradauskas,  Arvydas SkorupskasInsitute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Santariškių str. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective Several gray scale sonographic characteristics have been found to be highly suggestive of thyroid cancer, but the role of color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of a thyroid nodule for malignancy has not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether gray scale and color Doppler sonography can be used to diagnose or exclude malignancy in a thyroid nodule. Patients and methods 184 patients with nonpalpable thyroid nodules (diameter less than 1.5 cm) were studied by means of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Patients were included in the study on the basis of sonographical features implicating a possible malignant nature of nodules. We obtained color Doppler images of nonpalpable thyroid nodules undergoing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. The color Doppler appearance of nonpalpable thyroid nodule was graded from I for no visible flow through IV for extensive internal flow. Of the studied patients, 85 underwent subsequent surgery with histological examination of obtained specimens. Results Characteristic Doppler-sonographical features of nonpalpable thyroid nodules were analysed taking into consideration their histological form. There were 184 nonpalpable thyroid nodules sampled, of which 48 were malignant (all confirmed at surgery), and 37 were benign. Benign nonpalpable nodules frequently had extranodular blood flow, whereas malignant thyroid nodules frequently had intra- and perinodular blood flow (p = 0.026 of the chi-square test). Conclusions Small nonpalpable malignant thyroid nodules more frequently are visualized as hypoechoic and solid in comparison with non-malignant small thyroid nodules. A characteristic Doppler-sonographical feature of small malignant thyroid nodules is intra- and perinodular blood flow. Key words: thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, ultrasound, color Doppler sonography, ultrasound-guided fine-neddle aspiration biopsy

scholarly journals Papillary thyroid cancer in an adolescent with a toxic single nodular goiter

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga S. Rogova ◽  
Goar F. Okminyan ◽  
Lubov N. Samsonova ◽  
Elena V. Kiseleva ◽  
Oleg Yu. Latyshev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
Functional Autonomy

The rate of nodular goiter in children ranges from 0.05 to 5.1%; in this case, the risk of thyroid cancer in childhood amounts to 3―70% of all cases of thyroid pathology. Therefore, the main issue is the differential diagnosis of a nosological variant of a thyroid nodule, which defines the optimal therapeutic tactics for a particular patient. The risk of malignancy is traditionally believed to be low in the case of decompensated functional autonomy of a thyroid nodule; therefore, the need for fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) followed by cytomorphological analysis of the aspirate is avoided in most cases. The presented clinical case demonstrates papillary cancer in an adolescent with a toxic single nodular goiter. A thyroid ultrasound examination revealed a nodular lesion in the boy. An increase in the thyroid size and thyrotoxicosis manifestation occurred 3 years later. A cytomorphological study identified follicular neoplasia; scintigraphy revealed a hot nodule. Surgical treatment was planned. Antithyroid therapy was prescribed to prepare for surgery. After compensation of thyrotoxicosis, hemithyroidectomy was performed. A histological examination diagnosed papillary thyroid cancer, which required repeated thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine I131 ablation. The postoperative period was uneventful; the patient well tolerated suppressive levothyroxine therapy. Therefore, the presence of a toxic single nodular goiter does not exclude thyroid cancer, which defines the need to discuss the indications for FNAB of thyroid nodules in children.

scholarly journals Thyroid Nodules in the Follow-Up of Irradiated Individuals: Comparison of Thyroid Ultrasound with Scanning and Palpation1

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 4020-4027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. Schneider ◽  
Carlos Bekerman ◽  
Joel Leland ◽  
Jeffrey Rosengarten ◽  
Hyewon Hyun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasonography ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Neck Irradiation ◽  
A Prospective Study

In 1974 we began a prospective study of a cohort of 4296 individuals exposed to therapeutic head and neck irradiation during childhood for benign conditions. To define the role of thyroid ultrasonography in following irradiated individuals, we studied a subgroup of 54 individuals. They all had been screened between 1974–1976 and had normal thyroid scans and no palpable nodules at that time. Thyroid ultrasonography, thyroid scanning, physical examination, and serum thyroglobulin measurements were performed. One or more discrete ultrasound-detected nodules were present in 47 of 54 (87%) subjects. There were a total of 157 nodules, 40 of which were 1.0 cm or larger in largest dimension. These 40 nodules occurred in 28 (52%) of the subjects. Thirty (75%) of these 1.0-cm or larger nodules matched discrete areas of diminished uptake on corresponding thyroid scans. The 10 that did not match (false negative scans for ≥1.0-cm nodules) were the only nodules of this size in 7 subjects. Of 11 nodules 1.5 cm or larger, only 5 were palpable. Serum thyroglobulin correlated to the number (P = 0.04; r2 = 0.10), but not the volume of the thyroid nodules (P = 0.07; r2 = 0.08). We conclude that thyroid nodules are continuing to occur and are exceedingly common in this irradiated cohort of individuals. The results confirm that thyroid ultrasonography is more sensitive than physical examination and scanning. However, thyroid ultrasound is so sensitive and nodules so prevalent that great caution is needed in interpreting the results.

scholarly journals Ultrasound Guided Percutaneous Ethanol Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodule: A Study From a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A873-A873
Author(s):  
Arjun Baidya ◽  
Saba Faiz ◽  
Ram Chandra Bhadra
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Ethanol Ablation ◽  
Ethanol Injection ◽  
Benign Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Benign Thyroid

Abstract Introduction: Ultrasound guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) of benign thyroid nodule is an easy and effective procedure particularly in cystic and predominantly cystic nodule. Aims: To evaluate efficacy and safety of PEI in managing purely cystic and mixed cystic and solid thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods: Patients of either sex presented with solitary purely cystic benign thyroid nodule, solitary benign mixed with predominantly cystic (>50% of total volume) thyroid nodule, solitary benign mixed with predominantly solid (>50% of total volume) thyroid nodule, solitary solid thyroid nodule were included in this study. Patients who had a nodule BETHESDA 3 and above, pregnancy, patients with critical or terminal illness, patients with other malignancies, multinodular lesions of thyroid, patients with raised T3, T4 and/ or suppressed TSH level were excluded from the study. One hundred sixty patients presenting with thyroid nodule were initially evaluated with thyroid function test and USG. Only those patients with euthyroid solitary thyroid nodules are subjected for fine needle aspiration (FNA). Nodules under BETHESDA 2 are considered for US guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). One hundred twenty-three patients were excluded because of various reasons. Finally ethanol ablation was done in 37 patients. Benign, purely cystic and mixed thyroid nodules were aspirated under ultrasonography guidance. Sterile absolute alcohol (99.99%) (50% of volume aspirated/ maximum 10 ml) was injected and reviewed after 2, 5and 7 months. In case of solid nodule alcohol (50% of nodule volume) was injected. A reduction in volume is calculated at each follow up visit. An adequate response is considered as ≥50 percent reduction in size from baseline after 7 months. If the reduction is <50%, then a second session of absolute ethanol injection is given. Again, patients were similarly followed up after 2, 5 and 7 months. Results: Thirty seven patients underwent PEI. Thirty three patients were considered for final analysis (4 lost to follow up). Response rate of PEI for purely cystic nodule was 100.0% and the overall response rate for mixed nodule was 53.57%. None of the solid nodule responded to PEI even after second session. Among the responder in the mixed nodules, 93.33% responded after first session of PEI. Minor complications like headache occurred in 54.1% patients in the first session. Transient pain at injection site were complained by 86.5% and 37.8% patients in the first and second session respectively. Nausea and vomiting were complained by 18.9% and 16.2% patients in the first and second session respectively. Conclusions: PEI is an effective and safe for purely cystic and mixed thyroid nodules. It is a relatively safe and less invasive procedure from management of benign solitary cystic and mixed thyroid nodules.

scholarly journals Correlation between Age, Nodule Diameter, and TI-RADS Score in Thyroid Nodule Classification on Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 385-391
Author(s):  
Kania Difa Parama Citta ◽  
Sahudi Sahudi ◽  
Iskandar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Data System ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Thyroid Imaging

Background: Thyroid cancer is a malignancy of the endocrine gland with the highest incidence. There are many radiological examination modalities that are used to help diagnose thyroid carcinoma, one of which is Ultrasonography. Ultrasonography (USG) can be useful to support the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. A classification method that categorizes thyroid nodules based on risk for cancer, one of which is by using the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS). TI-RADS (Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System) is a classification of thyroid ultrasound readings to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Several research efforts that have been done at Dr. Soetomo Hospital previously related to diagnostic of thyroid carcinoma but the results are meaningless and require large funds for the laboratory examination. The aim of this study is to make a relatively easy and inexpensive method using the TI-RADS classification, which is expected to assist in the preoperative diagnostics of a follicular thyroid carcinoma. It is hoped that there will be a method or modality that is easier, cheaper, accurate, and minimally invasive in predicting a follicular thyroid carcinoma. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included patients with thyroid mass who underwent treatment in Surgery Department, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital between January 2012 and December 2020. In this study, we utilized the patients’ medical record to collect the necessary clinical data. The inclusion criteria in this study were patients with singular thyroid nodule, underwent thyroid ultrasound, and diagnosed as follicular nodular carcinoma by histopathology examination. Finally, a total of 53 patients were included for further analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital (Surabaya, Indonesia). Results: From a total of 53 research subjects, the subjects with the most age were more than 50 years old with a percentage of 52.8% or 28 patients and the rest, 47.2% or 25 patients. The results of this study indicates that nodule diameters less than 5 cm and more than 5 cm have almost the same number based on the number of data samples in this study, namely 53 patients. This can be seen from the number of respectively 27 (50.9%) and 26 (49%). In the TIRADS nodule score, the largest percentage obtained from medical data records in the form of a TIRADS score, namely a TIRADS score greater than TR 4 with a percentage of 60.4% or as many as 32 patients and the rest, namely a TIRADS score less than TR 4 of 39.6% or as much as 21 patients. In the third dependent variable, the authors looked for the odd ratio value for each variable on follicular carcinoma. The authors calculated the OR values ​​for each variable, obtaining results of 1.012 for age, 1.111 for nodule size, and 3.520 for TIRADS scores. Conclusion: There is a correlation between the TIRADS scores with the incidence of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Keywords: Thyroid cancer, TIRADS, Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma.

scholarly journals Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in Graves’ disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 933-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Ali Tam ◽  
Cafer Kaya ◽  
Fevzi Balkan Mehmet Kılıç ◽  
Reyhan Ersoy ◽  
Bekir Çakır
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
External Irradiation ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Irradiation Treatment ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Iodine Treatment

Objective The frequency of thyroid nodules accompanying Graves’ disease and the risk of thyroid cancer in presence of accompanying nodules are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of thyroid nodules and the risk of thyroid cancer in patients operated because of graves’ disease. Subjects and methods Five hundred and twenty-six patients in whom thyroidectomy was performed because of Graves’ disease between 2006 and 2013 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients who had received radioactive iodine treatment and external irradiation treatment in the neck region and who had had thyroid surgery previously were not included in the study. Results While accompanying thyroid nodule was present in 177 (33.6%) of 526 Graves’ patients, thyroid nodule was absent in 349 (66.4%) patients. Forty-two (8%) patients had thyroid cancer. The rate of thyroid cancer was 5.4% (n = 19) in the Graves’ patients who had no nodule, whereas it was 13% (n = 23) in the patients who had nodule. The risk of thyroid cancer increased significantly in presence of nodule (p = 0.003). Three patients had recurrence. No patient had distant metastasis. No patient died during the follow-up period. Conclusions Especially Graves’ patients who have been decided to be followed up should be evaluated carefully during the follow-up in terms of thyroid cancer which may accompany. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):933-8

scholarly journals Percutaneous Ethanol Injection as Treatment for Thyroid Cystic Nodules

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A947-A947
Author(s):  
Paola Rios ◽  
Jonathan Ambut ◽  
Alex Manzano
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Thyroid Lobe ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Ethanol Injection

Abstract Background: Thyroid cystic nodules are common and frequently benign. Aspiration of thyroid cyst decreases compression symptoms and volume. However, they commonly recur, and usually, surgery is required for definitive treatment. A less invasive approach, done less frequent, is percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), which has shown fewer recurrences than simple aspiration and is well-tolerated with few side effects. We present 2 patients that where treated in our clinic with PEI. Clinical Case: 41-year-old female with a history of primary hypothyroidism on Levothyroxine, with neck discomfort, and no risk factors for thyroid cancer had a cystic thyroid nodule 1.5 x 1.8 x 2.8 cm over the right thyroid lobule. Cytology results reported as Bethesda II. One year later, her thyroid nodule was 1.9 x 2.6 x 3.3 cm. Underwent FNA and 6 cc of dark brown liquid was drained from the cyst which was reported again as Bethesda II. The patient was monitored with thyroid ultrasound after a year, and the cystic nodule was 2.2 x 2.9 x 3.1 cm. PEI was decided as the next approach. After six cc was aspired, 0.5 cc of desiccated ethanol was injected into the remained cystic. Eight months after PEI, cystic size was 0.7 x 0.9 x 0.8 cm. The second case is a 40-year-old female who presented complaining of neck discomfort without changes in her voice. The patient did not have any risk factors for thyroid cancer. Thyroid ultrasound was done, which showed a 2.3 x 2.7 x 3.3 cm cyst on her right thyroid lobe. PEI was arranged and 9 cc of dark fluid was aspirated with a posterior injection of 0.5 cc of desiccated ethanol. Symptoms resolved, and the patient was lost to follow up. Five years later, she was seen again. Neck ultrasound showed a cyst of 0.4 x 0.6 x 0.8 cm on her right thyroid lobe. Neither of the two patients had a side effect associated, and the procedure was well tolerated. Conclusions: Percutaneous ethanol injection is a good alternative in the treatment for cystic thyroid nodules due to decrease in cystic size, which we observed that continued for five years of follow up in one of our patients. These will avoid frequent cystic aspiration secondary to recurrence or invasive surgical management.

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