Complicating prevelar raising in the West

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Lewis Esposito ◽  
Emily Lake
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific

Prevelar raising and fronting has been documented as a “defining feature” of Pacific Northwest English yet its status nearby in California remains unclear. This paper investigates prevelar raising/fronting across four Californian field sites. Examining wordlist data from 276 white speakers, and sociolinguistic interview data from 64 white speakers, the current study shows that - contrary to previous assumptions - prevelar conditioning is not confined to the Pacific Northwest, but extensive throughout California. Results suggest that, in line with previous work in Washington and Oregon, this prevelar pattern is also on the decline among younger Californians, although the trajectory of change appears to differ from that observed in Washington (e.g. Riebold 2015). This paper complicates the notion of prevelar tensing, showing that F1 and F2 are not always operating in tandem: speakers who raise BAG, for example, do not always front BAG to the same degree, and vice versa. As this is yet more evidence that the West is broadly participating in similar vocalic patterns, this study tentatively explores historical migration events as one possible source for the contemporary Western vowel system.

scholarly journals The Concept of Place in the American West

Linguaculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Irina Chirica
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
American West ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
New Historicism ◽  
The West ◽  
John Ford ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Louisiana Purchase ◽  
Cultural Concept

This paper surveys the most significant ways in which the American West has been viewed as a place and region. Starting with Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase of 1803, we follow the expansion of the West as a region throughout American history. Jefferson worked out a plan which involved the creation of territories which later became states, following a certain procedure. Inside the larger West, there are many Wests: the prairie states of the Midwest (also called the “Bread Basket” of America), the Rocky Mountain states, the Pacific Northwest, the Southwest and California. We analyze the myths and images associated with the west in American culture, and the influence of Frederick Jackson Turner’s essay dedicated to “the Frontier”. We discuss the New Historicism approach and the way in which it criticizes Tuner. Then we discuss the reflection of the West in the visual arts (the major landscape painters and in the work of the western movie director John Ford). We bring arguments to support the idea that the West is a construct of human experience and a cultural concept, more than a “place”.

Hop-Picking Time

Hoptopia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Kopp
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
The West ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Because of the West’s scarce labor situation, hop growers early on recognized the need to hire workers from all walks of life, including men and women, old and young, and across racial and ethnic lines. From the beginning, the three-week hop harvest was a multicultural affair that revealed the diversity of the West. The first half of this chapter explains the English origins of the American harvest season, including the actual demands and the festiveness of the harvest that many called a paid vacation. The second half of the chapter explains the opportunities and challenges that American Indian and East Asian agricultural workers faced while working in the Pacific Northwest hopyards during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Bag Across the Border

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Thomas Swan
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
The West ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
Social Distribution ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Changing Demographics

Prior research documents /æ/ raising and tensing when followed by /g/ in words like bag in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in Seattle. The present study compares /æg/ raising among speakers from Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia, and explores the social motivations for its use. The findings show that while the feature occurs in both cities, its social distribution is not identical. Different age and gender distributions and varying metalinguistic commentary raise questions about the trajectory of change in each city. Nonetheless, speakers’ realizations of raised bag are associated with similar sociocultural backgrounds and ideologies. In Seattle, bag raisers have multigenerational ties to the area, take strong ideological stances against changes in the area’s industries and economy, and oppose “gentrification.” Nonraisers have more international ties, show stronger interest in moving elsewhere, and embrace Seattle’s new industries. In Vancouver, BAG raisers describe growing up as Caucasian Canadians in majority Asian neighborhoods and emphasize the changing demographics and increased cost of living. In both cities, bag raisers are ideologically opposed to perceived encroachment and take conservative stances toward changes in their city. This highlights that the West and Canada participate in some of the same sound changes and show similar, locally contextualized motivations for their use.

Hydrographic Charting and Oceanography on the West Coast of Canada from the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day

1972 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Robert W. Sandilands
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
The West ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Formative Years

Those participating in this Congress are aware of the leadership of Rear-Admiral George Henry Richards in mounting the Challenger Expedition, which he himself regarded as the crowning achievement of his career. However, he also has a very special place in the history and development of British Columbia and it can fairly be said that his work in the Pacific Northwest was the major achievement of his sea-going career. His service on the coast covered the short period 1857 to 1863, but these were formative years in the development of the west coast colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia.

Five new species of Ceratoppia (Acari: Oribatida: Peloppiidae) from western North America

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3036 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZOE LINDO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Temperate Rainforests

I present the systematics and distribution of five new species of oribatid mites in the genus Ceratoppia (Oribatida: Peloppiidae) from western North America. The species are described on the basis of adult morphology using the following character states: number of hypostomal setae, number, length and expression of posterior notogastral setae, length of lamellae and lamellar cusp, length of interlamellar setae, and the shape and dentition of the rostrum. Ceratoppia indentata n. sp. is described from forest floor habitats, while Ceratoppia longicuspis n. sp. and Ceratoppia tofinoensis n. sp. are described from arboreal bryosphere habitats; Ceratoppia offarostrata n. sp. is associated with bark habitats. Ceratoppia valerieae n. sp. was collected from both arboreal and forest floor samples. Distributions of all species are provided based on museum and collection records; C. indentata, C. longicuspis, C. tofinoensis are recorded from coastal temperate coniferous rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America, while C. valerieae was found in coastal temperate rainforests and extending along the southern border of British Columbia into eastern Alberta. Ceratoppia offarostrata is collected only from a small number of locations on the west coast of Canada. Comments on other North American Ceratoppia species is given. A morphological key is presented to the described adult species for the genus Ceratoppia in North America.

scholarly journals Hunter-gatherer complexity on the west coast of North America

Antiquity ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (249) ◽  
pp. 921-923
Author(s):  
Hergert D. G. Maschner ◽  
Brian M. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
The West ◽  
Franz Boas ◽  
European Contact ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Rich

The west coast of North America encompasses some of the richest and most diverse maritime environments on earth. Even in their presentday impoverished state, they support major commercial fisheries, large whale migrations and dense sea mammal populations. From the earliest days of European exploration, visitors such as the redoubtable Captain James Cook commented on the rich culture of Pacific coast peoples (Beaglehole 1967). ‘Their life may be said to comprise a constant meal,’ remarked Spanish friar Pedro Fages of the Chumash peoples of the Santa Barbara Channel in southern California. At European contact, between the 16th and 18th centuries AD, the shores of the Bering Strait, the Pacific Northwest and parts of the California coast supported elaborate, sophisticated and sedentary huntergatherer peoples. These decimated and muchchanged societies still enjoyed elaborate ceremonials and intricate social relations as late as the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when pioneer anthropologists such as Franz Boas and John Harrington worked among them. From these researches have come classic stereotypes of west coast peoples as ‘complex huntergatherer societies’, some of which were organized in powerful chiefdoms. Peoples like the Tlingit, the Kwakiutl and the Chumash have become the epitome of complex huntergatherers in many archaeologists’ eyes.

scholarly journals Will the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) persist in the Pacific Northwest?

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Behrens Yamada ◽  
Graham E. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Green Crab ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
European Green Crab ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
Local Recruitment

Abstract Behrens Yamada, S., and Gillespie, G. E. 2008. Will the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) persist in the Pacific Northwest? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 725–729. A strong cohort of young European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) appeared in North American embayments from Oregon to the west coast of Vancouver Island following the strong El Niño of 1997/1998. Unusually, strong north-moving coastal currents transported crab larvae from established source populations in California to the Pacific Northwest. Since then, both coastal transport and recruitment of young green crabs have been weaker. Although it was predicted that green crabs would become extinct in the Pacific Northwest once the original colonists died of senescence at about age 6, this has not happened. Age-class analysis and the appearance of young crabs evidence the existence of local recruitment in the Pacific Northwest, especially after warm winters. An extensive survey by Fisheries and Oceans Canada found populations of green crabs on the west coast of Vancouver Island, with densities of >2 per trap in some inlets. However, no green crabs were found in the inland sea between Vancouver Island and the mainland. Therefore, outreach efforts should continue to prevent the establishment of this invader in those waters via ballast water or shellfish transport.

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