More about the tabby mouse and about the Lyon hypothesis
Autosomal genes are present in duplicate in the body cells of both sexes. Genes carried in the X-chromosome are present in double dose in the mammalian female, but only in single dose in the mammalian male. Despite this disparity in gene dosage, the phenotypic effects of such genes are generally the same in homozygous and in hemizygous condition. To bring about this situation, some kind of ‘dosage compensation’ is required. A possible mechanism of dosage compensation in mammals which has been widely discussed in recent years is the ‘inactive-X-chromosome’ or ‘single-active X-chromosome’ hypothesis. As originally put forward by Lyon (1961, 1962), this postulates that during embryonic development, either the maternal or the paternal X-chromosome of the female is inactivated. Inactivation happens at random and is irreversible; it thus persists in the descendants of the cell in which it has occurred.