Cytotoxicity of lens antisera to dissociated chick neural retina cells in tissue culture

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-406
Author(s):  
Max Braverman ◽  
Carl Cohen ◽  
Arthur Katoh
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Specific Antiserum ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Lens Proteins ◽  
Chick Lens

Immunoprecipitation techniques have shown that characteristic lens proteins can be found in many tissues of the chick eye. Langman & Prescott (1959), Maisel & Langman (1961a), Maisel (1962) and Maisel & Harmison (1963), among others, have demonstrated antigens cross-reacting with adult chick lens antisera in iris, pigmented retina, cornea and aqueous and vitreous humour. Maisel (1963) suggested that lens antigens are present in neural retina, but the presence of lens antigens in this tissue has not been firmly established, and a number of investigators reporting lens antigens in other ocular tissues have not found them in the neuro-retina. [For reviews of immunological investigations on the development and ubiquity of lens proteins see Langman (1959a, b), Maisel & Langman (1961b), Rabaey (1962), Woedereman (1961), Zwaan (1963), Ikeda & Zwaan (1966, 1967), Zwaan & Ikeda (1968) and Clayton, Campbell & Truman (1968).] Chick embryos developing in the presence of lens specific antiserum do, however, exhibit defects of the neural retina.

Immunochemical Investigation of the Serum Proteins in Chick Embryos

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-688
Author(s):  
F. Peetoom ◽  
W. J. A. TH. Kraijenhoff Sloot ◽  
M. W. Woerdeman
Keyword(s):  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Lens Proteins ◽  
Embryonic Antigens ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Precipitation Band ◽  
Immunochemical Investigation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chick Lens

The use of specific antisera against different embryonic antigens to detect a correlation between morphological and immunochemical differentiation in ontogenesis has proved to be a valuable technique. In a study of the appearance of lens proteins in chick embryos, using various antisera and agar precipitation methods, we observed the development of precipitation lines which did not correspond to specific lens proteins. These lines were encountered in the Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic pictures obtained with young (up to 120 hr.) embryo or lens extracts when these were tested with antiserum to 24-hr, embryo extract or to adult chick serum. However, this type of precipitation band was never found when antiserum against adult chick lens was used. Some of our experimental results which clarify the nature of these precipitation reactions are summarized below. Full details of these experiments are the subject of another publication.

scholarly journals Expression, Translation, and Localization of a Novel, Small Growth Hormone Variant

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-L. Baudet ◽  
B. Martin ◽  
Z. Hassanali ◽  
E. Parker ◽  
E. J. Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Novel Transcript

A novel transcript of the GH gene has been identified in ocular tissues of chick embryos. It is, however, unknown whether this transcript (small chicken GH, scGH) is translated. This possibility was therefore assessed. The expression of scGH mRNA was confirmed by RT-PCR, using primers that amplified a 426-bp cDNA of its coding sequence. This cDNA was inserted into an expression plasmid to transfect HEK 293 cells, and its translation was shown by specific scGH immunoreactivity in extracts of these cells. This immunoreactivity was directed against the unique N terminus of scGH and was associated with a protein of 16 kDa, comparable with its predicted size. Most of the immunoreactivity detected was, however, associated with a 31-kDa moiety, suggesting scGH is normally dimerized. Neither protein was, however, present in media of the transfected HEK cells, consistent with scGH’s lack of a signal sequence. Similar moieties of 16 and 31 kDa were also found in proteins extracted from ocular tissues (neural retina, pigmented epithelium, lens, cornea, choroid) of embryos, although they were not consistently present in vitreous humor. Specific scGH immunoreactivity was also detected in these tissues by immunocytochemistry but not in axons in the optic fiber layer or the optic nerve head, which were immunoreactive for full-length GH. In summary, we have established that scGH expression and translation occurs in ocular tissues of chick embryos, in which its localization in the neural retina and the optic nerve head is distinct from that of the full-length protein.

Isolation and cell-free translation of chick lens crystallin mRNA during normal development and transdifferentiation of neural retina

1978 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Thomson ◽  
Christine E. Wilkinson ◽  
James F. Jackson ◽  
David I. de Pomerai ◽  
Ruth M. Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Lens Crystallin ◽  
Free Translation ◽  
Chick Lens

Permissive and directive interactions in lens induction

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-179
Author(s):  
Marketta Karkinen-Jääskeläinen
Keyword(s):  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Optic Vesicle ◽  
Lens Proteins ◽  
Lens Formation

The interactive events leading to lens formation and the developmental potentialities of the presumptive lens ectoderm were examined in vitro. The presumptivelens ectoderm of both mouse and chick embryos was capable of forming a lens even when isolated from the optic vesicle before the two tissues reach the stage of close association.This lens-forming bias can be released with favourable culture conditions and by various heterotypic mesenchymes. The same permissive, unspecific conditions or heterotypic tissues failed to trigger lens formation in trunk ectoderm. The directive effect of the optic vesicle was demonstrated in experiments where it was grown in contact with the trunk ectoderm. The latter developed distinct lentoid bodies synthesizing lens proteins. The origin of the lentoid was confirmed in interspecies combination of chick and quail tissues. Itis concluded that lens formation is governed by a series of interactive events consisting of both directive and permissive influences.

A decay of gap junctions in association with cell differentiation of neural retina in chick embryonic development

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-596
Author(s):  
H. Fujisawa ◽  
H. Morioka ◽  
K. Watanabe ◽  
H. Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pigmented Epithelium ◽  
Membrane Region

Ultrastructural studies of thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved materials were performed on developing retinal tissues of 3- to 9-day-old chick embryos to clarify the junctional structures between neural retinal cells and between neural retinal cells and cells of the pigmented epithelium. Frequency, size and position of gap junctions in developing neural retina are different at each stage of development. In 3-day-old embryos, some cells adhere to each other by gap junctions immediately below the outer limiting membrane of neural retinae. The size and number of gap junctions increase remarkably during 5–6 days of incubation. In this period of development, well developed gap junctions consisting of subcompartments of intramembrane particles are found between cell surfaces at both the outer limiting membrane region and the deeper portion of the neural retina. Gap junctions disappear thereafter, and at 7-5 days of incubation, small gap junctions are predominant between cell surfaces at the outer limiting membrane region, while the frequency of gap junctions in the deeper portion is very low. At 9 days of incubation, gap junctions are rarely found. Typical gap junctions are always found between neural retinal cells and those of the pigmented epithelium in embryos up to 7-5 days of incubation. Tight junctions are not found in the neural retina or between neural retina and pigmented epithelium throughout the stages examined.

Growth hormone in the nervous system: autocrine or paracrine roles in retinal function?

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Harvey ◽  
M Kakebeeke ◽  
A E Murphy ◽  
E J Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Gh Gene

Growth hormone (GH) is primarily produced in the pituitary gland, although GH gene expression also occurs in the central and autonomic nervous systems. GH-immunoreactive proteins are abundant in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The appearance of GH in these tissues occurs prior to the ontogenic differentiation of the pituitary gland and prior to the presence of GH in systemic circulation. Neural GH is also present in neonates, juveniles, and adults and is independent of changes in pituitary GH secretion. Neural GH is therefore likely to have local roles in neural development or neural function, especially as GH receptors (GHRs) are widespread in the nervous system. In recent studies, GH mRNA and GH immunoreactive proteins have been identified in the neural retina of embryonic chicks. GH immunoreactivity is present in the optic cup of chick embryos at embryonic day (ED) 3 of the 21-d incubation period. It is widespread in the neural retina by ED 7 but also present in the nonpigmented retina, choroid, sclera, and cornea. This immunoreactivity is associated with proteins in the neural retina comparable in size with those in the adult pituitary gland, although it is primarily associated with 15–16 kDa moieties rather than with the full-length molecule of approximately 22 kDa. These small GH moieties may reflect proteolytic fragments of "monomer" GH and (or) the presence of different GH gene transcripts, since full-length and truncated GH cDNAs are present in retinal tissue extracts. The GH immunoreactivity in the retina persists throughout embryonic development but is not present in juvenile birds (after 6 weeks of age). This immunoreactivity is also associated with the presence of GH receptor (GHR) immunoreactivity and GHR mRNA in ocular tissues of chick embryos. The retina is thus an extrapituitary site of GH gene expression during early development and is probably an autocrine or paracrine site of GH action. The marked ontogenic pattern of GH immunoreactivity in the retina suggests hitherto unsuspected roles for GH in neurogenesis or ocular development.Key words: growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, nervous system, retina, autocrine, paracrine.

The accumulation of lens-specific protein and mRNA in cultures of neural retina from 312-day chick embryos

1981 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Thomson ◽  
K. Yasuda ◽  
D.I. De Pomerai ◽  
R.M. Clayton ◽  
T. Okada
Keyword(s):  
Neural Retina ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Chick Embryos
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